Previous studies have reported converging lung cancer rates between sexes. We examine lung cancer incidence rates in young women vs. young men in 40 countries across five continents. Lung and ...bronchial cancer cases by 5‐year age group (ages 30–64) and 5‐year calendar period (1993–2012) were extracted from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Female‐to‐male incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated by age group and birth cohort. Among men, age‐specific lung cancer incidence rates generally decreased in all countries, while in women the rates varied across countries with the trends in most countries stable or declining, albeit at a slower pace compared to those in men. As a result, the female‐to‐male IRRs increased among recent birth cohorts, with IRRs significantly greater than unity in Canada, Denmark, Germany, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the United States. For example, the IRRs in ages 45–49 year in the Netherlands increased from 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6–0.8) to 1.5 (95% CI: 1.4–1.7) in those born circa 1948 and 1963, respectively. Similar patterns, though nonsignificant, were found in 23 additional countries. These crossovers were largely driven by increasing adenocarcinoma incidence rates in women. For those countries with historical smoking data, smoking prevalence in women approached, but rarely exceeded, those of men. In conclusion, the emerging higher lung cancer incidence rates in young women compared to young men is widespread and not fully explained by sex differences in smoking patterns. Future studies are needed to identify reasons for the elevated incidence of lung cancer among young women.
What's new?
Lung‐cancer rates among women and men have been converging. In this international study, the authors found that, while lung‐cancer rates have declined among younger men, they are rising among younger women, despite the fact that these women are not smoking more than men. Adenocarcinoma appears to account for much of this increase. These findings forewarn of a higher lung‐cancer burden among women in the future, especially in higher‐income settings. Further work is needed to intensify anti‐tobacco strategies, and also to identify other factors causing the higher incidence burden among younger women.
Background
Recent studies have identified increases in cancer incidence among younger adults for some cancers. This study examined incidence trends for 28 cancers in Canada by age and birth cohort ...from 1983 to 2012.
Methods
Canadian incidence data for 20 to 84 year‐olds were obtained from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus database. Age‐period‐cohort modeling was used to estimate the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for 10‐year birth cohorts (reference cohort, 1943) for 28 cancer types.
Results
Incidence increased for 13 cancer sites among adults younger than 50 years (1983‐2012), with the largest increase occurring for rectal cancer (AAPC20‐24, 5.62; 95% confidence interval CI, 3.77‐7.51) and colon cancer (AAPC20‐24, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.89‐5.29). Compared with the 1943 birth cohort, persons born circa 1988 had approximately 5‐ and 2‐fold greater risks of rectal cancer (IRR, 4.98; 95% CI, 2.87‐8.63) and colon cancer (IRR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.62‐3.30), respectively. Incidence decreased among younger adults for 9 sites (1983‐2012), with the largest decreases observed for lung cancer (AAPC25‐29,−2.29; 95% CI, −3.57 to −0.98), cervical cancer (AAPC25‐29, −1.29; 95% CI, −1.67 to −0.90), and melanoma (AAPC25‐29, −0.61; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.24). Decreased risks in recent birth cohorts were observed for all sites with decreasing trends in younger adults. For example, the risk of lung cancer was 60% lower in the 1988 birth cohort than the 1943 birth cohort (IRR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23‐0.78).
Conclusions
Incidence among young adults is increasing for some cancers associated with obesity but decreasing for many cancers associated with infections or smoking. Although further studies are needed to replicate these findings and understand the etiology of early‐onset cancers, measures to promote healthy behaviors in young adults warranted.
Recent studies have documented concerning increases in cancer incidence among young adults. This study demonstrates further evidence of increasing trends in the incidence of some cancer sites among young adults in Canada, which may have implications for public health efforts.
Socioeconomic factors are associated with cancer incidence through complex and variable pathways. We assessed cancer incidence for all cancers combined and 27 major types according to national human ...development levels. Using GLOBOCAN data for 184 countries, age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were assessed by four levels (low, medium, high, very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite index of life expectancy, education, and gross national income. A strong positive relationship between overall cancer incidence and HDI level was observed. When comparing the ASR in very high HDI regions with that in low HDI regions, we observed a positive association ranging from 2 to 14 and 2 to 11 times higher in males and females, respectively, depending on the cancer type. Positive dose–response relationships between the ASR and HDI level were observed in both sexes for the following cancer types: lung, pancreas, leukemia, gallbladder, colorectum, brain/nervous system, kidney, multiple myeloma, and thyroid. Positive associations were also observed for testicular, bladder, lip/oral cavity, and other pharyngeal cancers, Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma of the skin in males, and corpus uteri, breast, and ovarian cancers and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in females. A negative dose–response relationship was observed for cervical and other pharyngeal cancers and Kaposi sarcoma in females. Although the relationship between incidence and the HDI remained when assessed at the country‐specific level, variations in risk within HDI levels were also observed. We highlight positive and negative associations between incidence and human development for most cancers, which will aid the planning of cancer control priorities among countries undergoing human development transitions.
What's new?
Societal and economic advancements, which lead to lifestyle changes and the development of more technologically complex human environments, have profound effects on the scale and profile of cancer. This global assessment of the link between national human development and the incidence of 27 cancer types reveals differing cancer profiles across levels of the Human Development Index, with marked risk gradients observed for specific cancers. In particular, cancers associated with westernization and socioeconomic advancement are displacing infection‐related cancers worldwide. These findings offer insight into human development‐related cancer incidence and the future global cancer burden, and could facilitate cancer control planning in countries experiencing socioeconomic change.
The global cancer burden and human development FIDLER, MIRANDA M.; BRAY, FREDDIE; SOERJOMATARAM, ISABELLE
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health,
02/2018, Letnik:
46, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Book Review
Recenzirano
Aims: This review examines the links between human development and cancer overall and for specific types of cancer, as well as cancer-related risk-factors and outcomes, such as disability and life ...expectancy. Methods: To assess human development, the Human Development Index was utilized continuously and according to four levels (low, medium, high, very high), where the low and very high categories include the least and most developed countries, respectively. All studies that assessed aspects of the global cancer burden using this measure were reviewed. Results: Although the present cancer incidence burden is greater in higher Human Development Index countries, a greater proportion of the global mortality burden is observed in less developed countries, with a higher mean fatality rate in the latter countries. Further, the future cancer burden is expected to disproportionally affect less developed regions; in particular, it has been estimated that low and medium Human Development Index countries will experience a 100% and 81% increase in cancer incidence from 2008 to 2030, respectively. Disparities were also observed in risk factors and average health outcomes, such as a greater number of years of life lost prematurely and fewer cancer-related gains in life expectancy observed in lower versus higher Human Development Index settings. Conclusions: From a global perspective, there remain clear disparities in the cancer burden according to national Human Development Index scores. International efforts are needed to aid countries in social and economic transition in order to efficiently plan, implement and evaluate cancer control initiatives as a means to reduce the widening gap in cancer occurrence and survival worldwide.
To date, the burden of cancer among young adults has rarely been studied in depth. Our aim was to describe the scale and profile of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide among 20–39 year-olds, ...highlighting major patterns by age, sex, development level, and geographical region.
We did a population-based study to quantify the burden of young adult cancers worldwide. We defined young adult cancers as those occurring between the ages of 20 and 39 years because these individuals will have passed puberty and adolescence, but not yet experienced the effects of hormonal decline, immune response deterioration, or organ dysfunction associated with chronic health conditions. Global, regional, and country-specific (n=184) data estimates of the number of new cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths that occurred in 2012 among young adults were extracted in four 5-year bands from the International Agency for Research on Cancer's GLOBOCAN 2012 for all cancers combined and for 27 major types as defined by the International Classification of Disease, tenth revision. We report the number of new cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths overall and by sex alongside corresponding age-standardised rates (ASR) per 100 000 people per year. We also present results using four levels of the Human Development Index (HDI; low least developed, medium, high, and very high most developed), which is a composite indicator for socioeconomic development comprising life expectancy, education, and gross national income.
975 396 new cancer cases and 358 392 cancer-associated deaths occurred among young adults worldwide in 2012, which equated to an ASR of 43·3 new cancer cases per 100 000 people per year and 15·9 cancer-associated deaths per 100 000 people per year. The burden was disproportionally greater among women and the most common cancer types overall in terms of new cases were female breast cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, leukaemia, and colorectal cancer; in terms of deaths, female breast cancer, liver cancer, leukaemia, and cervical cancer were the main contributors. When assessed by development level and geographical region, the cancer profile varied substantially; generally, the burden of infection-associated cancers was greater in regions under transition. Cancer incidence was elevated in very high-HDI regions compared with low-HDI regions (ASR 64·5 vs 46·2 cancer cases per 100 000 people per year); however, the mortality burden was 3 times higher in low-HDI regions (ASR 25·4 vs 9·2 cancer-associated deaths per 100 000 people per year), reflecting differences in cancer profiles and inferior outcomes.
The global cancer burden among 20–39 year-olds differs from that seen in younger or older ages and varies substantially by age, sex, development level, and geographical region. Although the cancer burden is lower in this age group than that observed in older ages, the societal and economic effects remain great given the major effects of premature morbidity and mortality. Targeted surveillance, prevention, and treatment are needed to reduce the cancer burden in this underserved age group.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and European Commission's FP-7 Marie Curie Actions–People–COFUND.
Feedback with soil biota is an important determinant of terrestrial plant diversity. However, the factors regulating plant-soil feedback, which varies from positive to negative among plant species, ...remain uncertain. In a large-scale study involving 55 species and 550 populations of North American trees, the type of mycorrhizal association explained much of the variation in plant-soil feedbacks. In soil collected beneath conspecifics, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees experienced negative feedback, whereas ectomycorrhizal trees displayed positive feedback. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal trees exhibited strong conspecific inhibition at multiple spatial scales, whereas ectomycorrhizal trees exhibited conspecific facilitation locally and less severe conspecific inhibition regionally. These results suggest that mycorrhizal type, through effects on plant-soil feedbacks, could be an important contributor to population regulation and community structure in temperate forests.
The limit of application of the Scherrer equation Miranda, M. A. R.; Sasaki, J. M.
Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances,
January 2018, 2018-Jan-01, 2018-01-01, 20180101, Letnik:
74, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Scherrer equation is a widely used tool to obtain crystallite size from polycrystalline samples. Its limit of applicability has been determined recently, using computer simulations, for a few ...structures and it was proposed that it is directly dependent on the linear absorption coefficient (μ0) and Bragg angle (gθB). In this work, a systematic study of the Scherrer limit is presented, where it is shown that it is equal to approximately 11.9% of the extinction length. It is also shown that absorption imposes a maximum value on it and that this maximum is directly proportional to sin gθB/μ0.
Study of the limit of applicability of the Scherrer equation has found it is approximately 11.9% of the extinction length and has a maximum value because of absorption.
Molecular collisions in the quantum regime represent a new opportunity to explore chemical reactions. Recently, atom-exchange reactions were observed in a trapped ultracold gas of KRb molecules. In ...an external electric eld, these polar molecules can easily be oriented and the exothermic and barrierless bimolecular reactions, KRb + KRb ! K2 + Rb2, occur at a rate that rises steeply with increasing dipole moment. Here we demonstrate the suppression of the bimolecular chemical reaction rate by nearly two orders of magnitude when we use an optical lattice trap to conne the fermionic polar molecules in a quasi-two-dimensional, pancake-like geometry, with the dipoles oriented along the tight connement direction. With the combination of sufciently tight connement and Fermi statistics of the molecules, two polar molecules can approach each other only in a side-by-side collision under repulsive dipoledipole interactions. The suppression of chemical reactions is a prerequisite for the realization of new molecule-based quantum systems.
Breast cancer has distinct causes, prognoses, and outcomes and effects in patients at premenopausal and postmenopausal ages. We sought to assess the global burden and trends in breast cancer by ...menopausal status.
We did a population-based analysis of global breast cancer incidence and mortality among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopausal status was defined using age as a proxy, whereby breast cancer cases or deaths at age 50 years or older were regarded as postmenopausal. Age-standardised breast cancer incidence and mortality in 2018 were calculated using GLOBOCAN data. Incidence trends for 1998-2012 were assessed in 44 populations from 41 countries using the Cancer in Five Continents plus database, by calculating the annual average percent change.
Approximately 645 000 premenopausal and 1·4 million postmenopausal breast cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide in 2018, with more than 130 000 and 490 000 deaths occurring in each menopausal group, respectively. Proportionally, countries with a low UNDP human development index (HDI) faced a greater burden of premenopausal breast cancer for both new cases and deaths compared with higher income countries. Countries with a very high HDI had the highest premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence (30·6 and 253·6 cases per 100 000, respectively), whereas countries with low and medium HDI had the highest premenopausal and postmenopausal mortality, respectively (8·5 and 53·3 deaths per 100 000, respectively). When examining breast cancer trends, we noted significantly increasing age-standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) for premenopausal breast cancer in 20 of 44 populations and significantly increasing ASIRs for postmenopausal breast cancer in 24 of 44 populations. The growth exclusively at premenopausal ages largely occurred in high-income countries, whereas the increasing postmenopausal breast cancer burden was most notable in countries under transition.
We provide evidence of a rising burden of both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer worldwide. Although early diagnosis and access to treatment remain crucial in low-income and middle-income countries, primary prevention efforts seeking to decrease exposure to known breast cancer risk factors are warranted in all world regions to curb the future breast cancer burden.
None.
High Phase-Space-Density Gas of Polar Molecules Ni, K.-K; Ospelkaus, S; de Miranda, M.H.G ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2008, Letnik:
322, Številka:
5899
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A quantum gas of ultracold polar molecules, with long-range and anisotropic interactions, not only would enable explorations of a large class of many-body physics phenomena but also could be used for ...quantum information processing. We report on the creation of an ultracold dense gas of potassium-rubidium (⁴⁰K⁸⁷Rb) polar molecules. Using a single step of STIRAP (stimulated Raman adiabatic passage) with two-frequency laser irradiation, we coherently transfer extremely weakly bound KRb molecules to the rovibrational ground state of either the triplet or the singlet electronic ground molecular potential. The polar molecular gas has a peak density of 10¹² per cubic centimeter and an expansion-determined translational temperature of 350 nanokelvin. The polar molecules have a permanent electric dipole moment, which we measure with Stark spectroscopy to be 0.052(2) Debye (1 Debye = 3.336 x 10⁻³⁰ coulomb-meters) for the triplet rovibrational ground state and 0.566(17) Debye for the singlet rovibrational ground state.
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