The aim of the study was to clarify the pathophysiologic significance of full but short-lived nocturnal erections observed in some impotent men. Penile circulation was assessed by color Doppler ...sonography and pharmacocavernosometry in 35 impotent patients who underwent polysomnographic recording of nocturnal erections. In each case, there were at least 3 erectile episodes with a complete rigidity (always > 700 g) but with a short duration (mean duration of the maximum level of full erection = 4 min; always < 6 min). All patients demonstrated a normal arterial inflow with mean +/- SEM right and left cavernosal peak flow velocities of 39.5 +/- 1.8 and 41.3 +/- 1.5 cm/s, respectively. Pharmacocavernosometry detected a dysfunction of the cavernous veno-occlusive mechanism (mean +/- SEM maintenance flow: 45 +/- 8 ml/min and mean +/- SEM corporal pressure decay over 30 s: 82.5 +/- 9 mm Hg) in 18 patients (51%). In these patients, this finding may be a possible explanation for the short duration of nocturnal erectile episodes. In the remaining 17 patients (49%) with normal penile vascular status, a dysfunction of the adrenergic system could play a role in the pathophysiology of this picture. Full but short-lived nocturnal erections, as assessed by polysomnographic recording, are indicative of a normal arterial status and should encourage further assessment of the corporal veno-occlusive mechanism.
ABSTRACT Controlling post-harvest papaya diseases without using agrochemicals is a challenge for producers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of clove essential oil, biological fungicide ...(Trichodermil®), resistance inducer (Cob Sistem®) and chemical fungicide (Imazacure®) on the in vitro control of phytopathogenic fungi isolates from papaya as well as on the post-harvest quality of Tainung 1 papaya. The in vitro experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design, with five fungal species x five treatments and five replications. The in vivo experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design, with five treatments x five storage times, five replications and three fruits per replication. The fruits were stored under refrigeration at 10 ± 2 ºC and 90 ± 5 % of relative humidity and evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage, plus two shelf life days at 25 ± 2 ºC, to simulate marketing conditions. The inhibition of mycelial growth was evaluated in the in vitro experiment, while the diseases occurrence and post-harvest quality of the fruits were evaluated in the in vivo experiment. The clove essential oil and Trichodermil® were as efficient as Imazacure® in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus sp. The treatments with clove essential oil, Trichodermil® and Imazacure® were similar in controlling the pathogens up to 21 days of storage. The treatments had no effect on the fruits soluble solid contents.
RESUMO O manejo de doenças pós-colheita de mamão sem o uso de agrotóxicos é um desafio para os produtores. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de cravo-da-índia, do fungicida biológico Trichodermil®, do indutor de resistência Cob Sistem® e do fungicida químico Imazacure®, no controle in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos isolados de mamão e na qualidade pós-colheita de mamão Tainung 1. O experimento in vitro foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 fungos x 5 tratamentos e cinco repetições. No experimento in vivo, utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos x 5 tempos de armazenamento, cinco repetições e três frutos por repetição. Os frutos foram armazenados sob refrigeração a 10 ± 2 ºC e 90 ± 5 % de umidade relativa e avaliados nos tempos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, mais dois dias de tempo de prateleira a 25 ± 2 ºC, para simular condições de comercialização. Avaliou-se a inibição do crescimento micelial para o experimento in vitro e, para o in vivo, a ocorrência de doenças e a qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos. O óleo essencial de cravo-da-índia e Trichodermil® foram tão eficientes quanto o Imazacure® na inibição do crescimento micelial de Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Rhizopus sp. Até 21 dias de armazenamento, os tratamentos com cravo-da-índia, Trichodermil® e Imazacure® foram iguais, quanto ao controle de patógenos. Os tratamentos não propiciaram diferença quanto aos sólidos solúveis dos frutos.
ABSTRACT Microorganisms have a fundamental importance in agricultural ecosystems and may be influenced by several factors, including soil management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ...of cropping systems and soil covers on the microbial community in soil cultivated with muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a split plot design with cropping systems (no-tillage and conventional tillage systems) assigned to the whole plot treatments, while a group of seven soil covers (sunn hemp; millet; sunn hemp + millet; corn + brachiaria; spontaneous vegetation; bare soil; and spontaneous vegetation + polyethylene film) defined the subplot treatments. Total bacteria, sporulating bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas sp., and total fungi were quantified at six different times (in fallow soil, at planting of green manures in the soil, when transplanting muskmelon seedlings, and 20, 40, and 60 days after transplanting DAT). To determine the quantity of microorganisms, the plate count method was used, with a specific culture medium for the groups. The cultivation of sunn hemp associated with no-tillage at transplanting of muskmelon showed a greater quantity of colony forming units (CFUs) of total bacteria compared to the conventional tillage system. In most treatments, conventional tillage showed greater amounts of sporulating bacteria in relation to no-tillage at the time of transplanting muskmelon and at 40 DAT. The tillage systems and soil cover did not change the total amount of fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp.
RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência de Macrophomina phaseolina em solo submetido a diferentes coberturas, conduziu-se dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente ...casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com cinco coberturas (Brachiaria brizantha, Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis, solo coberto com filme de polietileno e solo sem cobertura) e solo esterilizado e não esterilizado. No primeiro experimento, as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e dessecadas, para posterior plantio do feijão-caupi e no segundo, a semeadura da cultura foi realizada em sucessão ao primeiro cultivo. Nos dois experimentos foram colocadas em cada vaso a 10 cm de profundidade, no dia do plantio da cultura, quatro bolsas de tecido contendo, cada uma, 10 gramas de inóculo de M. phaseolina, das quais, duas foram retiradas aos 30 dias após o plantio e duas no final do ciclo da cultura, para posterior plaqueamento e determinação da sobrevivência. Realizou-se também o monitoramento das temperaturas máximas e mínimas diárias do solo. Os tratamentos com solo coberto com material vegetal apresentaram menor elevação da temperatura em relação ao solo coberto com filme de polietileno e sem cobertura, que elevaram a temperatura em até 5,9 e 3,9 ºC, respectivamente, em relação ao solo coberto com palhada de P. glaucum. O solo coberto com filme de polietileno e sem cobertura apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevivência de M. phaseolina e o solo coberto com palhada de P. glaucum a menor taxa. Maior sobrevivência foi observada no solo não esterilizado.
ABSTRACT Aiming to evaluate the survival of Macrophomina phaseolina subjected to different soil covers, two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, with five covers (Brachiaria brizantha, Pennisetum glaucum, Crotalaria spectabilis, polyethylene film and bare soil) and sterilized and unsterilized soil. In the first experiment, the plants were grown in pots and desiccated for subsequent planting of the cowpea, while in the second experiment the culture was sown after the first cultivation. In both experiments, each pot received, at 10cm depth, on the day of planting, four fabric bags containing 10 grams of M. phaseolina inoculum each, of which two were removed at 30 days after planting and the other two were removed at the end of the culture cycle for subsequent plating and determination of the survival. Daily maximum and minimum soil temperatures were also monitored. The treatments of soil covered with straw mulch had lower temperature rise in relation to soil covered with polyethylene film and without cover, which raised the temperature up to 5.9 and 3.9 °C, respectively, relative to the soil covered with P. glaucum straw. The soil covered with polyethylene film and the soil without cover had higher M. phaseolina survival rates, while the soil covered with P. glaucum straw had the lowest rate. Increased survival was observed in the unsterilized soil.
The incorporation of organic material together with with the addition of an antagonist may enable control of soil-borne pathogens which are difficult to eradicate, resulting in improvements in the ...physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporating Crotalaria juncea L. and Trichoderma harzianum into the soil, on the survival of Fusarium solani and on growth in the melon. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. F. solani, T. harzianum and C. juncea, were incorporated at 1% weight/volume into the soil of predetermined lots. A bag made from synthetic fabric, containing an inoculum of F. solani, was buried at a depth of 5 cm. The experimental design was completely randomised, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, soil both infested and not infested with F. solani, as well as soil with no plant material and with no T. harzianum; soil with sunn hemp; soil with T. harzianum; soil with sunn hemp and T. harzianum, and nine replications, with each pot representing one experimental unit. The survival of F. solani was evaluated, together with the growth variables of the melon. The incorporation of C. juncea and T. harzianum in isolation, or their interaction, reduces survival in F. solani. In addition, the incorporation of C. juncea into the soil gives greater accumulation of shoot fresh and dry matter in the melon. = A incorporação do material orgânico associado à adição de antagonista pode propiciar o controle de patógenos habitantes do solo, que são de difícil erradicação, permitindo, também, melhorias nas características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incorporação de Crotalaria juncea L. e Trichoderma harzianum ao solo na sobrevivência de Fusarium solani e no crescimento do meloeiro. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação. Ao solo das parcelas pré-determinadas, foram incorporados F. solani, T. harzianum e C. juncea, na proporção de 1% peso/volume. Também foi utilizada uma bolsa de tecido sintético, contendo inóculo de F. solani, que foi enterrada a 5 cm de profundidade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4, solo infestado e não infestado com F. solani, além de solo sem material vegetal e sem T. harzianum; solo com crotalária; solo com T. harzianum; solo com crotalária e T. harzianum; e nove repetições; cada vaso representou uma unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas a sobrevivência do F. solani e as variáveis de crescimento do meloeiro. A incorporação de C. juncea e T. harzianum de forma isolada ou a interação deles reduz a sobrevivência de F. solani. Além disso, a incorporação de C. juncea ao solo propicia maior acúmulo de matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea do meloeiro. . Cucumis melo.
This aim of this study was to evaluate the effect in vitro of the fungus Trichoderma and of the product Compost Aid®, and on the survival of the fungi phaseolina Macrophomina and Sclerotium rolfsii ...in the soil. The treatments were Tricobiol® with a T. harzianum base, Triconemate® with a base of T. longibrachiatum from Biofungi Control Biológico®, Trichoderma viride (TR2); T. harzianum (T25); T. koningii (T15); T. Polysporum (SN11) and Compost Aid®. An evaluation of antagonism was determined from the score allotted to the percentage of growth of isolates of Trichoderma spp. in relation to the phyto-pathogenic fungi, as well as the percentage inhibition in pathogen growth in relation to the Compost Aid® product. The survival of resistance structures in the pathogenic fungi was evaluated 40 days after application of the treatments by plating onto a semiselective culture medium and BDA. For the experiment in vitro, all the treatments with Trichoderma produced a percentage inhibition greater than 50% for both phyto-pathogenic fungi. The commercial products Tricobiol® and Triconemate® gave the greatest percentage inhibition for the fungus S. rolfsii (62.5%). The Compost Aid® product gave 100% and 98.57% inhibition in the growth of the fungi M. phaseolin and S. rolfsii respectively. The treatments in the form of a mixture of Trichoderma and Tricobiol® had a median value of 100%, while Triconemate® resulted in a 96% inhibition in the growth of the microsclerotia of M. phaseolina recovered from the soil; however none of these treatments inhibited sclerotial germination in S. rolfsii. The product Compost Aid® resulted in a median of 100% and 0% growth in resistance structures for the M. phaseolina and S. rolfsii fungi respectively. = O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do fungo Trichoderma e do produto Compost Aid® in vitro e na sobrevivência dos fungos Macrophomina phaseolina e Sclerotium rolfsii no solo. Os tratamentos foram: Tricobiol® a base de T. harzianum, Triconemate® a base de T. longibrachiatum da Biofungi Controle Biológico®, Trichoderma viride (TR2); T. harzianum (T25); T. koningii (T15); T. polysporum (Sn11) e Compost Aid®. A avaliação do antagonismo foi determinada pela nota atribuída à porcentagem de crescimento dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. em relação aos fungos fitopatogênicos, bem como a porcentagem de inibição do crescimento dos patógenos em relação ao produto Compost Aid®. A sobrevivência de estruturas de resistência dos fungos fitopatogênicos foi avaliada aos 40 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, através do plaqueamento em meios de cultura sem- seletivo e BDA. No experimento in vitro, em todos os tratamentos com Trichoderma, a porcentagem de inibição foi superior a 50%, para ambos os fungos fitopatogênicos. Os produtos comerciais Tricobiol® e Triconemate® propiciaram as maiores porcentagens de inibição do fungo S. rolfsii (62,5%). O produto Compost Aid® inibiu 100% e 98,57% do crescimento dos fungos M. phaseolina e S. rolfsii, respectivamente. Os tratamentos na forma mix de Trichoderma e Tricobiol® tiveram a mediana de 100%, enquanto o Triconemate® obteve 96% de inibição do crescimento de microesclerócios de M. phaseolina recuperados do solo, porém, não inibiram a germinação dos esclerócios de S. rolfsii. O produto Compost Aid® propiciou a mediana de 100 e 0% do crescimento das estruturas de resistência dos fungos M. phaseolina e S. rolfsii, respectivamente.
The effect of plant materialsSunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea), Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.), Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) and the times of incorporation of these ...materials in regards to the incidence of root rot in melon was evaluated in Ceará state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a commercial area with a history of root pathogens in cucurbitaceae. The randomized block design was used, in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of a combination of four plant materials (sunn hemp, castor beans, cassava and neem) and a control with no soil incorporation of plant material and three times of incorporation (28, 21, and 14 days before the transplanting of the seedlings). Lower incidence of root rot was observed in practically all of the treatments where materials were incorporated at different times, with variation between the materials, corresponding with the time of incorporation, in relation to the soil without plant material. The pathogens isolated from the symptomatic muskmelon plants were Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Monosporascus cannonballus and Rhizoctonia solani, F. solani being encountered most frequently.
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