Objectives
This study explores recent cross-national trends over time (2002–2014) in the occurrence of victimization by bullying; then it documents the overlap between cybervictimization and ...traditional bullying in 2014 among adolescents in 37 countries.
Methods
Data from four cycles (2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014) of the cross-national Health Behavior in School-Aged Children study were included (
N
= 764,518). Trends in traditional victimization were evaluated using logistic regression models in 37 countries. Prevalence of cybervictimization and the overlap between cybervictimization and traditional victimization were estimated.
Results
Linear decreases in bullying victimization were observed in 21 countries among boys, and in 12 countries among girls. The prevalence of cybervictimization was systematically lower than traditional victimization. Overall across all countries, 45.8% of those who reported cybervictimization also reported traditional victimization (46.5% for boys and 45.3% for girls), but wide country variations were observed.
Conclusions
These indicate the need for a more holistic perspective to intervention and prevention that considers all expressions of bullying, traditional or online. Public health programs and policies could focus on addressing bullying more broadly, rather than focusing on behaviors that happen in a particular context.
Treatment advances over the past five decades have resulted in significant improvements in survival from childhood cancer. Although survival rates are relatively high, social disparities in outcomes ...have been sometimes observed. In a population-based study, we investigated social inequalities by sex and deprivation in treatment receipt in childhood cancer in Ireland. Cancers incident in people aged 0 to 19 during 1994 to 2012 and treatments received were abstracted from the National Cancer Registry Ireland. Multivariable modified Poisson regression with robust error variance (adjusting for age, and year) was used to assess associations between sex and deprivation category of area of residence at diagnosis and receipt of cancer-directed surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Three thousand seven hundred and four childhood cancers were included. Girls were significantly less likely than boys to receive radiotherapy for leukemia overall (relative risk RR = 0.70; 95% confidence interval CI = 0.50-0.98), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia specifically (RR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), and surgery for central nervous system (CNS) overall (RR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.74-0.93) and other CNS (RR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.60-0.96). Girls were slightly less likely to receive chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and surgery for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), but these results were not statistically significant. Children residing in more deprived areas were significantly less likely to receive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia or surgery for lymphoma overall and HL, but more likely to receive chemotherapy for medulloblastoma. These results may suggest social inequalities in treatment receipt for childhood cancers. Further research is warranted to explore whether similar patterns are evident in other childhood cancer populations and to better understand the reasons for the findings.
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the associations of traditional and cyberbullying victimisation with self-reported health and life satisfaction, and to examine whether involvement in risk ...behaviours contributes to these health outcomes.
Methods
We asked questions on involvement in traditional and cyberbullying, risk behaviours, self-reported health and life satisfaction to school children. In total, 318 students aged from 15 to 18 years old in 8 post-primary schools in Ireland completed the survey.
Results
Children who were victims of bullying were more likely to report poor health, low life satisfaction and engaging in risky behaviours. Although not statistically significant, we found that cyber victimisation was positively associated with increased reporting of poor health and low life satisfaction.
Conclusion
Traditional bullying is the most common type of bullying among school children in Ireland, and overall, seems to have a stronger association with poor health. However, a sizable proportion of children are victims of cyberbullying or of both cyberbullying and traditional bullying. It is, therefore, important to acknowledge, identify and address all types of bullying to improve the health outcomes of children.
The discovery of thousands of crocodile mummies during excavations in the Fayum town of Tebtunis has raised questions as to where they were produced and by whom, and whether they were produced in an ...organised manner as part of the local crocodile cults. This article examines the textual and archaeological evidence for the breeding of crocodiles for mummification as votive offerings, and offers a reconstruction of what this practice may have entailed. The textual evidence in both Greek and Demotic is fragmentary, and sources related to contemporary animal cults complement the picture and provide an insight as to how this cultic practice operated. A recently discovered crocodile nursery in the town of Narmouthis and the multitude of crocodile mummies discovered in crocodile cemeteries throughout the Fayum suggest that crocodile breeding may have been a large-scale enterprise. The examination of this evidence in the light of modern methods of crocodile and alligator breeding sheds new light on how breeding may have been carried out the in the crocodile cults of the Graeco-Roman Fayum. إثار اكتشاف آلاف من مومياوات تماسيح أثناء حفائر بلدة تبتونيس بالفيوم اسئلة عن أماكن انتاجها و المسئول عن ذلك، وهل كانت تُنتج بطريقة منظمة كجزء من طقوس عبادة التماسيح المحلية. يبحث هذا المقال الأدلة النصية والأثرية لتربية التماسيح للتحنيط كقرابين نذرية، و إعادة تصور لما استتبع هذه العملية. وتسهم مصادر متعلقة بعبادة حيوانات معاصرة فى تكملة الصورة، وتضيف رؤى عن كيفية ادارة هذه العملية الطقسية، إضافة إلى الأدلة النصبة سواء باليونانيه و بالديموطيقيه رغم كونها ثذرات. ترجح حضانة تماسيح مكتشفة حديثا فى مدينة نارموثيس، واكتشاف كثير من مومياوات تماسيح فى جبانات تماسيح فى أنحاء الفيوم، أن تربية التماسيح ربما كانت تتم على نطاق واسع. وتسهم دراسة الطرق الحديثة لتربية التماسيح فى إلقاء الضوء على كيفية تربية التماسيح فى طقوس عبادة التماسيح فى العصر اليونانى- الرومانى
This study examined trends in adolescent weekly alcohol use between 2002 and 2010 in 28 European and North American countries.
Analyses were based on data from 11-, 13- and 15-year-old adolescents ...who participated in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study in 2002, 2006 and 2010.
Weekly alcohol use declined in 20 of 28 countries and in all geographic regions, from 12.1 to 6.1% in Anglo-Saxon countries, 11.4 to 7.8% in Western Europe, 9.3 to 4.1% in Northern Europe and 16.3 to 9.9% in Southern Europe. Even in Eastern Europe, where a stable trend was observed between 2002 and 2006, weekly alcohol use declined between 2006 and 2010 from 12.3 to 10.1%. The decline was evident in all gender and age subgroups.
These consistent trends may be attributable to increased awareness of the harmful effects of alcohol for adolescent development and the implementation of associated prevention efforts, or changes in social norms and conditions. Although the declining trend was remarkably similar across countries, prevalence rates still differed considerably across countries.
Abstract Internationally, subjective health complaints have become increasingly prevalent in children. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of health complaints is needed to inform ...effective policies and strategies. This study explores if meeting physical activity and total screen time (TST) recommendations are associated with the risk of reporting health complaints weekly or more. The 2014 Irish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study collected questionnaire data from 10
,
474 10
–
17 year olds. Children reported how often they experienced eight health complaints as less than weekly or weekly or more. Children who met moderate-to-vigorous physical activity recommendations were active for 60 min
/day in the past seven days. Three types of screen based activity were categorised to reflect if children met TST recommendations of
≤ 2 h
/day. Poisson regression examined the association between meeting recommendations and the risk of health complaints. The prevalence of individual health complaints ranged from 20.4
–
44.3% in girls and from 10.1
–
35.4% in boys. Overall, 5.1% (4.5
–
5.6%) of girls and 8.7% (7.8
–
9.5%) of boys met both (physical activity and TST) recommendations, while two thirds of girls (67.3%, 66.1
–
68.5%) and over half of boys (55.0%, 53.5
–
56.6%) met neither recommendation. Not meeting TST recommendations was significantly associated with the risk of reporting health complaints while associations with physical activity were less apparent. Children who did not meet either recommendation had a significantly increased risk for six of the health complaints when compared to those who met both recommendations. As health complaints and poor lifestyle behaviours were common in children, population level measures are warranted.
Intersectionality theory highlights the importance of the interplay of multiple social group memberships in shaping individual mental well-being. This article investigates elements of adolescent ...mental well-being (life dissatisfaction and psychosomatic complaints) from an intersectional perspective. It tests mental well-being consequences of membership in combinations of multiple social groups and examines to what extent such intersectional effects depend on the national context (immigration and integration policies, national-level income, and gender equality).
Using Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy, we assessed the role of the national context in shaping the interplay between immigration background, socioeconomic status, and gender, using data from 33 countries from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey.
We found no uniform intersectionality effects across all countries. However, when allowing the interplay to vary by national context, results did point toward some intersectional effects. Some aggravated negative effects were found for members of multiple disadvantaged social groups in countries with low levels of income equality and restrictive migration policies, whereas enhanced positive effects were found for members of multiple advantaged groups in these countries. Similarly, mitigated negative effects of membership in multiple disadvantaged groups were shown in countries with higher levels of income equality and more inclusive migration policies, whereas mitigated positive effects were found for multiply advantaged individuals. Although for national-level gender equality results pointed in a similar direction, girls' scores were counterintuitive. High national-level gender equality disproportionately benefitted groups of disadvantaged boys, whereas advantaged girls were doing worse than expected, and reversed effects were found for countries with low gender equality.
To fully understand social inequalities in adolescent mental well-being, the interplay between individual-level and national-level indicators must be explored.
Social patterns in bullying show consistent gender differences in adolescent perpetration and victimization with large cross-national variations. Previous research shows associations between societal ...gender inequality and gender differences in some violent behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, there is a need to go beyond individual associations and use a more social ecological perspective when examining gender differences in bullying behaviors. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to explore cross-national gender differences in bullying behaviors and (2) to examine whether national-level gender inequality relates to gender differences in adolescent bullying behaviors.
Traditional bullying and cyberbullying were measured in 11-year-olds to 15-year-olds in the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (n = 200,423). We linked individual data to national gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index, 2018) in 46 countries and tested their association using mixed-effects (multilevel) logistic regression models.
Large cross-national variations were observed in gender differences in bullying. Boys had higher odds of perpetrating both traditional and cyberbullying and victimization by traditional bullying than girls. Greater gender inequality at country level was associated with heightened gender differences in traditional bullying. In contrast, lower gender inequality was associated with larger gender differences for cyber victimization.
Societal gender inequality relates to adolescents' involvement in bullying and gendered patterns in bullying. Public health policy should target societal factors that have an impact on young people's behavior.
Adolescents' mental well-being has become a growing public health concern. Adolescents' daily lives and their engagement in risks have changed dramatically in the course of the 21st century, leading ...to a need to update traditional models of risk to include new exposures and behaviors. To date, studies have examined the relationship between (mainly traditional) risk behaviors and adolescent mental well-being or looked at risk factors that jeopardize mental well-being such as lack of social support but have not combined them together to highlight the most significant risks for adolescent mental well-being today. The present study included new and traditional risk behaviors and risk factors, robustly derived an empirically based model of clusters of risk, and examined the relative association of these clusters to adolescent mental well-being.
Data from the 2017–2018 Health Behaviours in School-aged Children study were used. The sample included 32,884 adolescents (51.7% girls) aged 15 years from 37 countries and regions. The principal component analysis was used to determine the existence of clusters of risk, using 21 items related to adolescent mental well-being that included both risk behaviors (e.g., substance use) and risk factors (e.g., peer support). Analysis was conducted in both a randomly split training and test set and in gender separate models. Mixed-effects logistic regressions examined the association between clusters of risk and mental well-being indices (low life satisfaction and psychosomatic complaints).
Seven clusters of risk were identified: substance use and early sex, low social support, insufficient nutrition, bullying, sugary foods and drinks, physical health risk, and problematic social media use (SMU). Low social support and SMU were the strongest predictors of low life satisfaction (odds ratios = 2.167 and 1.330, respectively) and psychosomatic complaints (odds ratio = 1.687 and 1.386, respectively). Few gender differences in predictors were found. Exposure to bullying was somewhat more associated with psychosomatic complaints for girls, whereas physical health risk was associated with reduced relative odds of low life satisfaction among boys. Split-sample validation and out-of-sample prediction confirmed the robustness of the results.
The results highlight the importance of contemporary clusters of risk, such as low social support and SMU in the mental well-being of young people and the need to focus on these as targets for prevention. We propose that future studies should use composite risk measures that take into account both risk behaviors and risk factors to explain adolescents' mental well-being.
Peer victimization is a common problem among school-aged children, and those with chronic conditions are at an increased risk. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to explore the ...increased risk of peer victimization among children with chronic conditions compared with others, considering a variety of chronic conditions; and to assess intervention programs designed to reduce negative attitudes or peer victimization at school toward children with chronic conditions. Various data sources were used (PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, Web of Science), and 59 studies published between 1991 and 2011 and mainly carried out in North American and European countries were included in the review. A higher level of peer victimization among children with chronic conditions was shown for each type of condition explored in this review (psychiatric diagnoses, learning difficulties, physical and motor impairments, chronic illnesses, and overweight). Despite a substantial number of studies having shown a significant association between chronic conditions and peer victimization, intervention studies aiming to reduce bullying among these children were rarely evaluated. The findings of this review suggest a growing need to develop and implement specific interventions targeted at reducing peer victimization among children with chronic conditions.
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