In 1926, Fritz Jahr described bio-ethics (German: bio-ethik) as "the assumption of moral obligations not only towards humans, but towards all forms of life." Jahr summarized his philosophy by ...declaring, "Respect every living being on principle as an end in itself and treat it, if possible, as such!." Bioethics was thus originally an ethical system concerned with the "problems of interference with other living beings… and generally everything related to the balance of the ecosystem" according to the 1978 Encyclopedia of Bioethics. This definition was predicated on the work of Fritz Jahr, Menico Torchio, and Van Rensselaer Potter.
In order to proceed with depthful analysis of the origin and major bioethical flare up, we will use critical analysis of existing literature, followed by a study trip to relevant bioethical localities (collecting photo and other documentations regarding Menico Torchio).
While Jahr and Potter are typically given intellectual credit for developing the field of bioethics, the eco-ethical contributions of Menico Torchio have been forgotten.This article will first trace the origins of "bioethics" - now commonly bifurcated into "biomedical ethics" and "environmental bioethics." The former was developed by Tom Beauchamp from the Philosophy Department and James Childress of the Religious Studies department at Georgetown University and is based on principlism, with a narrow focus on medical settings. The latter addresses the environmental impact of the medical industry and climate change health hazards. Second, we will present a panorama of Torchio's significant intellectual contribution to bioethics. Menico Torchio's concept of bioethics synthesized work of both Jahr and Potter, advocating "the need to expand our ethical obligations and embrace the most developed groups of animals, not only physically but also psychologically." Third, we will reflect on the lasting legacy of "bioethics" on biomedical and environmental bioethics today. Thematic elements such as interconnectedness of planetary health and human health, dedication to living in harmony with nature, and emphasis on systems and symbiosis remain unchanged from the legacy of Tochio onward.
Our conclusion will underscore the necessity of understanding the connections between planetary, environmental, and human health.
Skrb za bolesne i potrebite stara je koliko i umijeće liječenja. Međutim, sve do modernog doba skrb za bolesne bila je obilježena više karitativnim pristupom bez propisanih standarda i sustavne ...organizacije edukacije osoba koje su skrb provodile. U radu će se prikazati rad i djelovanje sestara milosrdnica sv. Vinka Paulskog od druge polovice 19. stoljeća do današnjih dana i njihov doprinos razvoju zdravstvene zaštite u Rijeci. Izvršena je analiza dosad neistraženih primarnih arhivskih izvora, provedeni su polustrukturirani intervjui i pregled dostupne literature koja se bavi djelovanjem ovoga reda. Sestre milosrdnice su značajno utjecale na unaprjeđivanje skrb i organizacije rada u zdravstvenim ustanovama u Hrvatskoj od druge polovice 19. stoljeća. Rasvjetljavanje njihovog djelovanje u sklopu zdravstvenih i socijalnih ustanova u Rijeci, koja je bila pod utjecajem različitih povijesnih događanja, nezaobilazna je tema u razumijevanje povijesnog razvoja sestrinstva na našim područjima.
Caring for the sick and needy is as old as it is easier to treat them. Until modern times, however, nursing was characterised by a rather charitable approach without prescribed standards and a systematic organisation of the training of the people who carried it out. The article presents the work and activities of »The Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul from the second half of the 19th century to the present day and their contribution to the development of healthcare in Rijeka. An analysis of previously unexplored primary archival sources, semi-structured interviews and a review of the available literature on the activities of this order were conducted. The Sisters of Charity had a significant influence on the improvement of care and the organisation of work in health care institutions in Croatia from the second half of the 19th century. The information about their activities in the health and social care institutions in Rijeka, which was influenced by various historical events, is an unavoidable topic for understanding the historical development of nursing in our region.
The migrations of modern times have exposed psychiatrists and other medical experts to elements from other cultures which have to be recognised and discerned from pathology. In the present paper, we ...offer an overview of both historical and modern witnessings of various kinds of “possession”, with shedding light on the whole process of diagnostics—taking into account all aspects that make a person as an individual: with particular emphasis on origin, lifestyle, moral values, and ethical norms what is sometimes easily associable with culture-bound phenomena, and sometimes overstepping the border of clinical disturbance, to maximise the possibility of recovery.
Social diversity can affect healthcare outcomes in situations when access to healthcare is limited for specific groups. Although the principle of equality is one of the central topics on the agenda ...of the European Union (EU), its scope in the field of healthcare, however, is relatively unexplored. The aim of this study is to identify and systematically analyze primary and secondary legislation of the EU Institutions that concern the issue of access to healthcare for various minority groups. In our research, we have concentrated on three features of diversity: a) gender identity and sexual orientation, b) race and ethnicity, and c) religion or belief.
For the purpose of this analysis, we conducted a search of database Eur-Lex, the official website of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union, based on specific keywords accompanied by review of secondary literature. Relevant documents were examined with regard to the research topic. Our search covered documents that were in force between 13 December 2007 and 31 July 2019.
Generally, the EU legal system prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion or belief, racial or ethnic origin, sex, and sexual orientation. However, with regard to the issue of non-discrimination in access to healthcare EU secondary law provides protection against discrimination only on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin and sex. The issue of discrimination in healthcare on the grounds of religion or belief, gender identity and sexual orientation is not specifically addressed under EU secondary law.
The absence of regulations regarding non-discrimination in the EU secondary law in the area of healthcare may result from the division of competences between the European Union and the Member States. Reluctance of the Member States to adopt comprehensive antidiscrimination regulations leads to a situation, in which protection in access to healthcare primarily depends on national regulations.
Our study shows that EU antidiscriminatory law with regard to access to healthcare is fragmentary. Prohibition of discrimination of the level of European binding law does not fully encompass all aspects of social diversity.
The thorny way of European Bioethics Šimunković, Gordana; Buterin, Toni; Muzur, Amir
Nova prisutnost,
01/2022, Letnik:
XX, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The ambiguity of the term bioethics has brought different views and has resulted in the development of European bioethics, which relies on the postulates of Fritz Jahr. The intention of this paper is ...to follow the development of the idea of European Bioethics by analyzing the growth of the journal Jahr – European Journal of Bioethics. Undoubtedly, Jahr had to counterbalanced mainstream bioethics (medical ethics) with the emerging European Bioethics based on Fritz Jahr’s and Van Rensselaer Potter’s original teachings, Euro-Mediterranean (and other non-Anglo-American) values, and the Integrative Bioethics methodology. Due to the broadness of the pluri-perspective approach, Jahr slipped into »thematic inconsistency« and its epistemological »rebelliousness« certainly will remain a problem for a long time.
Višeznačnost pojma bioetika donijela je različite poglede i rezultirala razvojem europske bioetike koja se oslanja na postulate Fritza Jahra. Namjera ovog rada je praćenje razvoja ideje europske bioetike analizom razvoja časopisa Jahr – European Journal of Bioethics. Jahr je nedvojbeno morao uravnotežiti mainstream bioetiku (medicinsku etiku) s europskom bioetikom u nastajanju koja se temelji na izvornim učenjima Fritza Jahra i Van Rensselaera Pottera, euro-mediteranskim (i drugim neangloameričkim) vrijednostima i metodologiji integrativne bioetike. Zbog širine pluriperspektivnog pristupa, Jahr je skliznuo u »tematsku nedosljednost« i njegova epistemološka »buntovnost« zasigurno će još dugo ostati problem.
A little bit more than twenty years ago, the attention of bioethics community was attracted by the discovery of the work of Fritz Jahr (1895-1953), a theologian and teacher from Halle (Germany), who ...had conceived both the term and the discipline of bioethics (Bio-Ethik, 1926) by broadening Kant’s categorical imperative onto animals and plants. Today, dozens of papers deal with Jahr’s bioethics ideas, but his work related to other topics remains almost unknown. In the present paper, we address Jahr’s article from 1930, devoted to education ("Gesinnungsdiktatur oder Gedenkfreiheit? Gedanken über eine liberale Gestaltung des Gesinnungsunterrichts" Dictatorship of worldview or freedom of thought? Considerations on the liberal structuring of teaching of attitudes). In the article, published in Die neue Erziehung, Jahr advocates a set of ten quite progressive and free-minded principles, including objectivity, pluriperspectivism (verschiedene Gesinnungseinstellungen), tollerant dialogue, autonomy, rationalism, liberalism, and democratization of education system and of the development of worldview at school. We devote particular attention to the comparison of Jahr’s ideas to the doctrine of Pietism and August Hermann Francke, who established the Foundation in which Jahr spent a significant part of his life, first as a student, and later as a teacher.
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of legislative measures against discrimination in healthcare on the grounds of a) race and ethnicity, b) religion and belief, and c) gender identity ...and sexual orientation in Croatia, Germany, Poland and Slovenia.
We conducted a search for documents in national legal databases and reviewed legal commentaries, scientific literature and official reports of equality bodies. We integrated a comparative method with text analysis and the critical interpretive approach. The documents were examined in their original languages: Croatian, German, Polish, and Slovenian.
All examined states prohibit discrimination and guarantee the right to healthcare on the constitutional level. However, there are significant differences among them on the statutory level, regarding both anti-discriminatory legal measures and other legislation affecting access to healthcare for groups of diverse race or ethnicity, religion or belief, sexual orientation or gender identity. Croatia and Slovenia show the most comprehensive legislation concerning non-discrimination in healthcare in comparison to Germany and even more Poland. Except for Slovenia, explicit provisions protecting equal access for members of the abovementioned groups are insufficiently represented in healthcare legislation.
The study identified legislative barriers to access to healthcare for persons of diverse race or ethnicity, religion or belief, sexual orientation or gender identity in Croatia, Germany, Poland and Slovenia. The discrepancies in the level of implementation of anti-discriminatory measures among these states show that there is a need for comprehensive EU-wide regulations, which would implement the principle of equal treatment in the specific context of healthcare. General anti-discrimination regulations should be strengthened by inclusion of anti-discrimination provisions directly into national legislation relating specifically to the area of healthcare.
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