The weak lensing bispectrum induced by gravity Munshi, D; Namikawa, T; Kitching, T D ...
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
04/2020, Letnik:
493, Številka:
3
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ABSTRACT
Recent studies have demonstrated that secondary non-Gaussianity induced by gravity will be detected with a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) by future and even by on-going weak lensing ...surveys. One way to characterize such non-Gaussianity is through the detection of a non-zero three-point correlation function of the lensing convergence field, or of its harmonic transform, the bispectrum. A recent study analysed the properties of the squeezed configuration of the bispectrum, when two wavenumbers are much larger than the third one. We extend this work by estimating the amplitude of the (reduced) bispectrum in four generic configurations, i.e. squeezed, equilateral, isosceles and folded, and for four different source redshifts zs = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, by using an ensemble of all-sky high-resolution simulations. We compare these results against theoretical predictions. We find that, while the theoretical expectations based on widely used fitting functions can predict the general trends of the reduced bispectra, a more accurate theoretical modelling will be required to analyse the next generation of all-sky weak lensing surveys. The disagreement is particularly pronounced in the squeezed limit.
Weak lensing skew-spectrum Munshi, D; Namikawa, T; Kitching, T D ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
11/2020, Letnik:
498, Številka:
4
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We introduce the skew-spectrum statistic for weak lensing convergence κ maps and test it against state-of-the-art high-resolution all-sky numerical simulations. We perform the analysis as a ...function of source redshift and smoothing angular scale for individual tomographic bins. We also analyse the cross-correlation between different tomographic bins. We compare the numerical results to fitting-functions used to model the bispectrum of the underlying density field as a function of redshift and scale. We derive a closed form expression for the skew-spectrum for gravity-induced secondary non-Gaussianity. We also compute the skew-spectrum for the projected κ inferred from cosmic microwave background (CMB) studies. As opposed to the low redshift case, we find the post-Born corrections to be important in the modelling of the skew-spectrum for such studies. We show how the presence of a mask and noise can be incorporated in the estimation of a skew-spectrum.
Morphology of weak lensing convergence maps Munshi, D; Namikawa, T; McEwen, J D ...
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
10/2021, Letnik:
507, Številka:
1
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We study the morphology of convergence maps by perturbatively reconstructing their Minkowski functionals (MFs). We present a systematic study using a set of three generalized skew spectra as ...a function of source redshift and smoothing angular scale. These spectra denote the leading-order corrections to the Gaussian MFs in the quasi-linear regime. They can also be used as independent statistics to probe the bispectrum. Using an approach based on pseudo-Sℓs, we show how these spectra will allow the reconstruction of MFs in the presence of an arbitrary mask and inhomogeneous noise in an unbiased way. Our theoretical predictions are based on a recently introduced fitting function to the bispectrum. We compare our results against state-of-the-art numerical simulations and find an excellent agreement. The reconstruction can be carried out in a controlled manner as a function of angular harmonics ℓ and source redshift zs, which allows for a greater handle on any possible sources of non-Gaussianity. Our method has the advantage of estimating the topology of convergence maps directly using shear data. We also study weak lensing convergence maps inferred from cosmic microwave background observations, and we find that, though less significant at low redshift, the post-Born corrections play an important role in any modelling of the non-Gaussianity of convergence maps at higher redshift. We also study the cross-correlations of estimates from different tomographic bins.
Abstract Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical significance of protein-bound polysaccharide K (PSK) in patients with primary gastric cancer who were being treated with ...an oral fluoropyrimidine (S-1). Methods Clinical reports of 190 gastric cancer patients treated with S-1 chemotherapy, with or without PSK, at Kochi Medical School between 2007 and 2012 were investigated retrospectively to analyze survival. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was also evaluated as indicator of the immunoenhancing effect of PSK. Results Overall survival was significantly longer in patients treated with S-1 + PSK than in those given S-1 alone (hazard ratio for death, 0.608; 95% confidence interval 0.375–0.985; P = 0.041). Furthermore, there was a tendency for changes in the NLR during chemotherapy to be lower in the S-1 + PSK group than in the S-1 group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.054). When patients were divided into groups based on preoperative NLR (i.e. <2.5 and ≥2.5), the mean (±SEM) NLR 1 month after the beginning of chemotherapy in the NLR ≥2.5 subgroup was significantly lower in patients treated with S-1 + PSK rather than S-1 alone (1.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 4.1, respectively; P = 0.043). Conclusions Immunochemotherapy using PSK improves the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer. The NLR may be a useful biomarker for evaluating prognosis in these patients.
1. The E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) gene, the mutation of which causes muscular dystrophy in chickens, is expressed not only in the pectoral muscle, but also in a number of tissues such as ...the kidney. Therefore, this study examined some parameters related to kidney function in muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens.
2. Plasma osmolality, Na
+
and K
+
concentrations, aldosterone levels, and the expression of aquaporin (AQP) 2, AQP3, and α subunits of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (αENaC) were analysed in the kidneys of 5-week-old MD chickens and White Leghorn (WL) chickens under physiological conditions or after one day of water deprivation.
3. Plasma osmolality, Na
+
concentrations, and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in MD chickens than in WL chickens. αENaC mRNA expression levels were lower in MD chickens than in WL chickens. AQP2 and AQP3 mRNA expression levels were similar in the two strains of chickens.
4. Plasma osmolality correlated with aldosterone levels and AQP2 and αENaC mRNA levels in WL chickens. In MD chickens, plasma osmolality correlated with AQP2 mRNA levels, but not with plasma aldosterone or αENaC mRNA levels.
5. These results suggest that neither water reabsorption nor the expression of AQP2 and AQP3 is impaired in MD chickens and that a WWP1 gene mutation may or may not directly induce an abnormality in Na
+
-reabsorption in the kidneys of MD chickens, potentially through αENaC.
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