► Multi-objective optimization of stand-alone PV–wind–diesel-batteries systems. ► One objectives to be minimized is the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). ► Another objective is the equivalent carbon ...dioxide (CO
2) life cycle emissions (LCE).
This paper describes an application of the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm to the multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone PV–wind–diesel system with batteries storage. The objectives to be minimized are the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the equivalent carbon dioxide (CO
2) life cycle emissions (LCE).
Each solution of the Pareto front is a possible solution for the PV–wind–diesel-batteries system, which can supply the load, but each one has a different LCOE and LCE. Some solutions have low LCOE values, but high LCE values, and vice versa. Results show that the photovoltaic (PV) generator is the most important source of electrical energy for stand-alone systems in Spain and Southern Europe, not only environmentally, but also economically. In some cases, PV is almost the only source of energy, as some solutions of the best Pareto front do not include wind turbines and diesel generators run only a few hours during the year.
Sorafenib is the unique accepted molecular targeted drug for the treatment of patients in advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study evaluated cell signaling regulation of ...endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to autophagy and apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Sorafenib induced early (3–12 hr) ER stress characterized by an increase of Ser51P‐eIF2α/eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, and sXBP1, but a decrease of activating transcription factor 6 expression, overall temporally associated with the increase of Thr183,Tyr185P‐JNK1/2/JNK1/2, Thr172P‐AMPKα, Ser413P‐Foxo3a, Thr308P‐AKt/AKt and Thr32P‐Foxo3a/Foxo3a ratios, and reduction of Ser2481P‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR and protein translation. This pattern was related to a transient increase of tBid, Bim
EL, Beclin‐1, Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, autophagy markers, and reduction of myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) expression. The progressive increase of CHOP expression, and reduction of Thr308P‐AKt/AKt and Ser473P‐AKt/AKt ratios were associated with the reduction of autophagic flux and an additional upregulation of Bim
EL expression and caspase‐3 activity (24 hr). Small interfering‐RNA (si‐RNA) assays showed that Bim, but not Bak and Bax, was involved in the induction of caspase‐3 in sorafenib‐treated HepG2 cells. Sorafenib increased autophagic and apoptotic markers in tumor‐derived xenograft model. In conclusion, the early sorafenib‐induced ER stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK‐dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK‐CHOP‐dependent rise of Bim
EL, which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The kinetic of Bim
EL expression profile might also be related to the tight balance between AKt‐ and AMPK‐related signaling leading to Foxo3a‐dependent BIM
EL upregulation.
The early sorafenib‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK‐dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK‐CHOP‐dependent rise of BimEL, which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis.
Current demand of consumers for healthy and sustainable food products has led the industry to search for different sources of plant protein isolates and concentrates. Legumes represent an excellent ...nonanimal protein source with high‐protein content. Legume species are distributed in a wide range of ecological conditions, including regions with drought conditions, making them a sustainable crop in a context of global warming. However, their use as human food is limited by the presence of antinutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors, lectins, phytates, and alkaloids, which have adverse nutritional effects. Antitechnological factors, such as fiber, tannins, and lipids, can affect the purity and protein extraction yield. Although most are removed or reduced during alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation processes, some remain in the resulting protein isolates. Selection of appropriate legume genotypes and different emerging and sustainable facilitating technologies, such as high‐power ultrasound, pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, microwave, and supercritical fluids, can be applied to increase the removal of unwanted compounds. Some technologies can be used to increase protein yield. The technologies can also modify protein structure to improve digestibility, reduce allergenicity, and tune technological properties. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the use of emerging technologies to obtain high‐purity protein isolates and the effects on techno‐functional properties and health.
Slope failures pose a substantial threat to mining activity due to their destructive potential and high probability of occurrence on steep slopes close to limit equilibrium conditions, which are ...often found both in open pits and in waste and tailing disposal facilities. The development of slope monitoring and modeling programs usually entails the exploitation of in situ and remote sensing data, together with the application of numerical modeling, and it plays an important role in the definition of prevention and mitigation measures aimed at minimizing the impact of slope failures in mining areas. In this paper, a new methodology is presented; one that combines satellite radar interferometry and 2D finite element modeling for slope stability analysis at a regional scale, and applied within slope unit polygons. Although the literature includes many studies applying radar interferometry and modeling for slope stability analysis, the addition of slope units as input data for radar interferometry and modeling purposes has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported. A former mining area in southeast Spain was studied, and the method proved useful for detecting and characterizing a large number of unstable slopes. Out of the 1959 slope units used for the spatial analysis of the radar interferometry data, 43 were unstable, with varying values of safety factor and landslide size. Out of the 43 active slope units, 21 exhibited line of sight velocities greater than the maximum error obtained through validation analysis (2.5 cm/year). Finally, this work discusses the possibility of using the results of the proposed approach to devise a proxy for landslide hazard. The proposed methodology can help to provide non-expert final users with intelligible, clear, and easily comparable information to analyze slope instabilities in different settings, and not limited to mining areas.
This investigation examined the influence of the number of repetitions per set on power output and muscle metabolism during leg press exercise. Six trained men (age 34 ± 6 yr) randomly performed ...either 5 sets of 10 repetitions (10REP), or 10 sets of 5 repetitions (5REP) of bilateral leg press exercise, with the same initial load and rest intervals between sets. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before the first set, and after the first and the final sets. Compared with 5REP, 10REP resulted in a markedly greater decrease (P<0.05) of the power output, muscle PCr and ATP content, and markedly higher (P<0.05) levels of muscle lactate and IMP. Significant correlations (P<0.01) were observed between changes in muscle PCr and muscle lactate (R(2) = 0.46), between changes in muscle PCr and IMP (R(2) = 0.44) as well as between changes in power output and changes in muscle ATP (R(2) = 0.59) and lactate (R(2) = 0.64) levels. Reducing the number of repetitions per set by 50% causes a lower disruption to the energy balance in the muscle. The correlations suggest that the changes in PCr and muscle lactate mainly occur simultaneously during exercise, whereas IMP only accumulates when PCr levels are low. The decrease in ATP stores may contribute to fatigue.
Little is known about the extent to which observed phenological responses to changes in climate are the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic changes. We also know little about how plasticity, ...in terms of thermal reaction norms, vary spatially. We investigated if the thermal reaction norms for flower development of five crucifer species (Brassicaceae) differed among three regions along a south–north latitudinal gradient in replicated experiments. The mean response (elevation) of thermal reaction norms of flowering differed among regions in all study species, while sensitivity of flower development to temperature (slope) differed in only one of the species. Differences in mean responses corresponded to cogradient patterns in some species, but countergradient patterns in other. This suggests that differences among regions were not solely the result of adaptation to differences in the length of the growing season, but that other factors, such as herbivory, play an important role. Differences in development rate within species were mainly explained by variation in early phases of bud formation in some species but by variation in later phases of bud formation in other species. The differences in latitudinal patterns of thermal reaction norms among species observed in this study are important, both to identify agents of selection and to predict short‐ and long‐term responses to a warming climate.
Artificial neural networks in microgrids: A review Lopez-Garcia, Tania B.; Coronado-Mendoza, Alberto; Domínguez-Navarro, José A.
Engineering applications of artificial intelligence,
October 2020, 2020-10-00, Letnik:
95
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this work it is shown that artificial neural networks have certain characteristics that make them advantageous in the development of controllers in the different levels of control that microgrids ...must include to be economic, efficient and able to satisfy the energy power quality and quantity requirements. An objective of this paper is to bring attention to the promising applicability of artificial neural networks applied to the control of microgrid distributed generation sources, as well as in scheduling, power sharing, supervisory control and optimization.
•Challenges of the microgrids for their incorporation to the main electrical network.•Artificial neural networks could be a tool to help overcome said challenges.•Applications of artificial neural networks at the control levels of a microgrid.
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