Abstract
While the success and sustainability of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strongly depends on many characteristics of the site, it is necessary to integrate the site characteristics and develop ...suitability maps to indicate the most suitable locations. The objective of this study is to integrate geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques to identify the most suitable areas for a MAR project in the Kabul city area, Afghanistan. Data for six effective criteria, including slope, drainage density, surface infiltration rate, unsaturated zone thickness, soil type and electrical conductivity, were collected and then a classification map was produced for each criterion in the GIS environment. By applying MCDA techniques, the weights of the effective criteria were obtained. A suitability map was generated from each technique separately based on a combination of all criteria weights and thematic layers. The result of the analytical network process (ANP) method was found to be more precise and reliable compared with that of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Based on the final suitability map produced from the ANP model, there is 3.7, 15.0, 37.4, 33.1 and 10.3% of the total area that is unsuitable, of low suitability, moderately suitable, suitable and very suitable for MAR application, respectively. As a final result of this work, seven sites have been prioritized based on land use. The integration of multi-criteria decision analysis and GIS is recognized as an effective method for the selection of managed aquifer recharge sites.
Résumé
Alors que le succès et la durabilité de la recharge artificielle des aquifères (MAR) dépendent fortement de nombreuses caractéristiques du site, il est nécessaire d’intégrer les caractéristiques du site et de développer des cartes d’aptitude pour indiquer les emplacements les plus appropriés. L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les zones les plus appropriées pour un projet MAR dans la région de la ville de Kaboul, en Afghanistan à partir de l’intégration des techniques d’analyse décisionnelle multicritères (MCDA) à un système d’information géographique (SIG). Des données pour six critères pertinents, dont la pente, la densité de drainage, le taux d’infiltration en surface, l’épaisseur de la zone non saturée, le type de sol et la conductivité électrique, ont été collectées, puis une carte de classification a été produite pour chaque critère dans l’environnement SIG. En appliquant les techniques MCDA, les pondérations des critères pertinents ont été obtenues. Une carte d’aptitude a été générée à partir de chaque technique séparément sur la base d’une combinaison de toutes les pondérations des critères et des couches thématiques. Le résultat de la méthode du processus de réseau analytique (ANP) s’est révélé plus précis et plus fiable que celui de la méthode du processus de hiérarchie analytique (AHP). Sur la base de la carte d’aptitude finale produite par le modèle ANP, 3.7, 15.0%37.4, 33.1 et 10.3% de la zone totale sont respectivement inadaptés, peu adaptés, modérément adaptés, adaptés et très adaptés à l’application de la MAR. Comme résultat final de ce travail, sept sites ont été classés par ordre de priorité en fonction de l’utilisation des terres. L’intégration de l’analyse décisionnelle multicritères et du SIG est reconnue comme une méthode efficace pour la sélection de sites de recharge artificielle d’aquifères.
Resumen
El logro y la sostenibilidad de la recarga gestionada de acuíferos (MAR) dependen en gran medida de las numerosas características del lugar, por lo que es necesario integrar dichas características y elaborar mapas de aptitud que indiquen los sitios más adecuados. El objetivo de este estudio es la integración de las técnicas del sistema de información geográfica (SIG) y del análisis de decisiones multicriterio (MCDA) para identificar las zonas más adecuadas para un proyecto de MAR en los alrededores de la ciudad de Kabul, Afganistán. Se recopilaron datos de seis criterios válidos, como la pendiente, la densidad de drenaje, la tasa de infiltración superficial, el espesor de la zona no saturada, el tipo de suelo y la conductividad eléctrica, y luego se elaboró un mapa de clasificación para cada criterio en el entorno del SIG. Aplicando técnicas de MCDA, se obtuvieron las ponderaciones de los criterios aplicables. Se generó un mapa de aptitud a partir de cada técnica por separado, basado en una combinación de todas las ponderaciones de los criterios y las capas temáticas. El resultado del método del proceso de red analítica (ANP) resultó ser más preciso y fiable que el del método del proceso de jerarquía analítica (AHP). Según el mapa de aptitud final elaborado a partir del modelo ANP, hay un 3.7, un 15.0, un 37.4, un 33.1 y un 10.3% del área total que es inadecuada, de baja aptitud, moderadamente adecuada, adecuada y muy adecuada para la aplicación del MAR, respectivamente. Como resultado final de este trabajo, se han priorizado siete emplazamientos en función del uso del suelo. La integración del análisis de decisión multicriterio y el SIG se reconoce como un método eficiente para la selección de sitios de recarga de acuíferos gestionados.
摘要
虽然含水层人工补给(MAR)的成功和可持续性在很大程度上取决于场地的许多特征,但有必要整合场地特征并开发适宜性图以指示最合适的位置。本研究的目的是整合地理信息系统(GIS)和多准则决策分析(MCDA)技术,以确定阿富汗Kabul市区最适合 MAR 项目的区域。收集坡度、排水强度、地表入渗率、非饱和带厚度、土壤类型和电导率六个有效指标的数据,然后在GIS环境中为每个指标制作分类图。通过应用MCDA技术,获得了有效指标的权重。基于所有指标权重和专题层的组合,从每种技术分别生成了适用性图。与层次分析法(AHP)相比,层次网络过程(ANP)方法的结果更加精确和可靠。根据 ANP 模型生成的最终适宜性图,总面积的 3.7、15.0、37.4、33.1% 和 10.3%分别是MAR应用的不适宜、低适宜、中等适宜、适宜和非常适合区。作为这项工作的最终结果,根据土地用途确定了七个地点的优先顺序。多准则决策分析和GIS的集成被认为是选择含水层人工补给区的有效方法。
خلاصه
از آنجايی که موفقيت و پايداری مديريت تغذيه اکويفر وابستگی زيادی به تعدادی از خصوصيات منطقه دارد، ضروری است تا اين خصوصيات با يکديگر تلفيق گرديده و نقشه های سازگاری برای نشان دادن مناسبترين سايت ها تهيه شوند. هدف اين مطالعه تلفيق سيستم معلومات جغرافيايی و تکنيک های تحليل تصميم گيری چند معياری برای شناسايی مناسبترين مناطق برای پروژه مديريت تغذيه اکويفر در شهر کابل، افغانستان می باشد. معلومات شش معيار موثر شامل شيب زمين، تراکم زهکشی، نرخ نفوذ سطحی، ضخامت زون غيرمشبوع، نوع خاک و هدايت الکتريکی جمع آوری گرديد و سپس نقشه صنف بندی شده برای هرمعيار در محيط سيستم معلومات جغرافيايی تهيه شد. با استفاده ازتکنيک های تحليل تصميم گيری چند معياری، وزن معيارهای موثر به دست آمد. براساس ترکيب وزن تمام معيارها و لايه ها، يک نقشه سازگاری از هر تکنيک به طور جداگانه تهيه گرديد. نتيجه روش تحليل شبکه ای در مقايسه با روش تحليل سلسله مراتبی دقيق تر و بيشتر قابل اطمينان بوده است. مطابق نقشه سازگاری نهايی تهيه شده از طريق مودل تحليل شبکه ای، 3.7، 15.0، 37.4، 33.1 و % 10.3 از کل منطقه مورد مطالعه به ترتيب نامناسب، کمی مناسب،نسبتا مناسب، مناسب و بسيار مناسب برای مديريت تغذيه اکويفر می باشد. به عنوان نتيجه نهايی اين مطالعه، براساس نوع کاربری اراضی هفت ساحه مناسب در شهر کابل اولويت بندی شده اند. تلفيق تحليل تصميم گيری چند معياری و سيستم معلومات جغرافيايی به عنوان يک روش موثر برای انتخاب سايت مديريت تغذيه اکويفر شناخته شده است..
Resumo
Embora o sucesso e a sustentabilidade do gerenciamento de recarga em aquíferos (GRA) dependam fortemente de muitas características do local, é necessário integrar as características do local e desenvolver mapas de adequação para indicar os locais mais adequados. O objetivo desse estudo é integrar o sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) e as técnicas de análise de decisão multicritério (ADM) para identificar as áreas mais adequadas para um projeto GRA na área da cidade de Cabul, Afeganistão. Dados para seis critérios efetivos, incluindo declividade, densidade de drenagem, taxa de infiltração superficial, espessura da zona não saturada, tipo de solo e condutividade elétrica, foram coletados e então um mapa de classificação foi produzido para cada critério no ambiente SIG. Aplicando técnicas da ADM, foram obtidos os pesos dos critérios efetivos. Um mapa de adequação foi gerado a partir de cada técnica separadamente com base em uma combinação de todos os pesos de critérios e camadas temáticas. O resultado do método do processo de rede analítica (PRA) foi considerado mais preciso e confiável em comparação com o método da análise hierárquica de processos (AHP). Com base no mapa de adequação final produzido a partir do modelo AHP há 3.7, 15.0, 37.4, 33.1 e 10.3% da área total que é inadequada, de baixa adequação, moderadamente adequada, adequada e muito adequada para aplicação do GRA, respectivamente. Como resultado final deste trabalho, sete locais foram priorizados com base no uso da terra. A integração da análise de decisão multicritério e SIG é reconhecida como eficaz para a seleção de locais para o gerenciamento de recarga de aquíferos.
Fibrillin microfibrils play a critical role in the formation of elastic fibers, tissue/organ development, and cardiopulmonary function. These microfibrils not only provide structural support and ...flexibility to tissues, but they also regulate growth factor signaling through a plethora of microfibril-binding proteins in the extracellular space. Mutations in fibrillins are associated with human diseases affecting cardiovascular, pulmonary, skeletal, and ocular systems. Fibrillins consist of up to 47 epidermal growth factor-like repeats, of which more than half are modified by protein O-glucosyltransferase 2 (POGLUT2) and/or POGLUT3. Loss of these modifications reduces secretion of N-terminal fibrillin constructs overexpressed in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of POGLUT2 and POGLUT3 in vivo using a Poglut2/3 double knockout (DKO) mouse model. Blocking O-glucosylation caused neonatal death with skeletal, pulmonary, and eye defects reminiscent of fibrillin/elastin mutations. Proteomic analyses of DKO dermal fibroblast medium and extracellular matrix provided evidence that fibrillins were more sensitive to loss of O-glucose compared to other POGLUT2/3 substrates. This conclusion was supported by immunofluorescent analyses of late gestation DKO lungs where FBN levels were reduced and microfibrils appeared fragmented in the pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchioles, and developing saccules. Defects in fibrillin microfibrils likely contributed to impaired elastic fiber formation and histological changes observed in DKO lung blood vessels, bronchioles, and saccules. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of POGLUT2/3-mediated O-glucosylation in vivo and open the possibility that O-glucose modifications on fibrillin influence microfibril assembly and or protein interactions in the ECM environment.
The worldwide increase of multidrug resistance in both community- and health-care associated bacterial infections has impaired the current antimicrobial therapy, warranting the search for other ...alternatives. We aimed to find the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of 16 different traditionally used medicinal plants of Nepal against 13 clinical and 2 reference bacterial species using microbroth dilution method. The evaluated plants species were found to exert a range of in vitro growth inhibitory action against the tested bacterial species, and Cynodon dactylon was found to exhibit moderate inhibitory action against 13 bacterial species including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi, and S. typhimurium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of tested ethanolic extracts were found from 31 to >25,000 μg/mL. Notably, ethanolic extracts of Cinnamomum camphora, Curculigo orchioides, and Curcuma longa exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. pyogenes with a MIC of 49, 49, and 195 μg/mL, respectively; whereas chloroform fraction of Cynodon dactylon exhibited best antibacterial activity against S. aureus with a MIC of 31 μg/mL. Among all, C. dactylon, C. camphora, C. orchioides, and C. longa plant extracts displayed a potential antibacterial activity of MIC < 100 μg/mL.
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) is a secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that regulates a variety of cellular and physiological processes. THBS1’s diverse functions are attributed to ...interactions between the modular domains of THBS1 with an array of proteins found in the extracellular matrix. THBS1’s three Thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) are modified with O-linked glucose-fucose disaccharide and C-mannose. It is unknown whether these modifications impact trafficking and/or function of THBS1 in vivo. The O-fucose is added by Protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) and is sequentially extended to the disaccharide by β3glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). The C-mannose is added by one or more of four C-mannosyltransferases. O-fucosylation by POFUT2/B3GLCT in the endoplasmic reticulum has been proposed to play a role in quality control by locking TSR domains into their three-dimensional fold, allowing for proper secretion of many O-fucosylated substrates. Prior studies showed the siRNA knockdown of POFUT2 in HEK293T cells blocked secretion of TSRs 1–3 from THBS1. Here we demonstrated that secretion of THBS1 TSRs 1–3 was not reduced by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of POFUT2 in HEK293T cells and demonstrated that knockout of Pofut2 or B3glct in mice did not reduce the trafficking of endogenous THBS1 to secretory granules of platelets, a major source of THBS1. Additionally, we demonstrated that all three TSRs from platelet THBS1 were highly C-mannosylated, which has been shown to stabilize TSRs in vitro. Combined, these results suggested that POFUT2 substrates with TSRs that are also modified by C-mannose may be less susceptible to trafficking defects resulting from the loss of the glucose-fucose disaccharide.
Glomerular epithelial protein-1 (Glepp1), a R3 subtype family of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases, plays important role in the activation of Src family kinases and regulates cellular ...processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we firstly examined the functional evaluation of Glepp1 in tooth development and morphogenesis. The precise expression level and developmental function of Glepp1 were examined by RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, and loss and gain of functional study using a range of in vitro organ cultivation methods. Expression of Glepp1 was detected in the developing tooth germs in cap and bell stage of tooth development. Knocking down Glepp1 at E13 for 2 days showed the altered expression levels of tooth development-related signaling molecules, including Bmps, Dspp, Fgf4, Lef1, and Shh. Moreover, transient knock down of Glepp1 revealed alterations in cellular physiology, examined by the localization patterns of Ki67 and E-cadherin. Similarly, knocking down of Glepp1 showed disrupted enamel rod and interrod formation in 3-week renal transplanted teeth. In addition, due to attrition of odontoblastic layers, the expression signals of Dspp and the localization of NESTIN were almost not detected after knock down of Glepp1; however, their expressions were increased after Glepp1 overexpression. Thus, our results suggested that Glepp1 plays modulating roles during odontogenesis by regulating the expression levels of signaling molecules and cellular events to achieve the proper structural formation of hard tissue matrices in mice molar development.
Lipid biosynthesis is recently studied its functions in a range of cellular physiology including differentiation and regeneration. However, it still remains to be elucidated in its precise function. ...To reveal this, we evaluated the roles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in alveolar bone formation using the LPA type 2 receptor (LPAR2) antagonist AMG‐35 (Amgen Compound 35) using tooth loss without periodontal disease model which would be caused by trauma and usually requires a dental implant to restore masticatory function. In this study, in vitro cell culture experiments in osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts revealed cell type‐specific responses, with AMG‐35 modulating osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts in vitro. To confirm the in vivo results, we employed a mouse model of tooth loss without periodontal disease. Five to 10 days after tooth extraction, AMG‐35 facilitated bone formation in the tooth root socket as measured by immunohistochemistry for differentiation markers KI67, Osteocalcin, Periostin, RUNX2, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and SMAD2/3. The increased expression and the localization of these proteins suggest that AMG‐35 elicits osteoblast differentiation through TGF‐β1 and SMAD2/3 signaling. These results indicate that LPAR2/TGF‐β1/SMAD2/3 represents a new signaling pathway in alveolar bone formation and that local application of AMG‐35 in traumatic tooth loss can be used to facilitate bone regeneration and healing for further clinical treatment.
Grainyhead-like 3 (
Grhl3
) is a transcription factor involved in epithelial morphogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the developmental role of
Grhl3
in structural formation of the ...circumvallate papilla (CVP), which undergoes dynamic morphological changes during organogenesis. The specific expression pattern of
Grhl3
was examined in the CVP-forming region, specifically in the apex and epithelial stalk from E13.5 to E15.5 using in situ hybridization. To determine the role of
Grhl3
in epithelial morphogenesis of the CVP, we employed an in vitro tongue culture method, wherein E13.5 tongue were isolated and cultured for 2 days after knocking down of
Grhl3
. Knockdown of
Grhl3
resulted in significant changes to the epithelial structure of the CVP, such that the apical region of the CVP was smaller in size, and the epithelial stalks were more deeply invaginated. To define the mechanisms underlying these morphological alterations, we examined cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis using phalloidin staining, immunohistochemistry against Ki67, ROCK1, and E-cadherin, and a TUNEL assay, respectively. These results revealed an increase in proliferation, a reduction in apoptosis, and an altered pattern of cytoskeletal formation in the CVP-forming epithelium, following
Grhl3
knockdown. In addition, there were changes in the specific expression patterns of signaling and apoptosis-related molecules such as
Axin2
,
Bak1
,
Bcl2
,
Casp3
,
Casp8
,
Ctnnb1
,
Cnnd1
,
Gli3
,
Lef1
,
Ptch1
,
Rock1
,
Shh
, and
Wnt11
, which could explain the altered cellular and morphological events. Based on these results, we propose that developmental stage-specific
Grhl3
plays a significant role in CVP morphogenesis not by just disruption of epithelial integrity but by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration via
Shh
,
Wnt
, and apoptosis signaling during mouse embryogenesis.
In recent years, Asia and the Pacific have been ravaged by strong typhoons that caused widespread destruction. The powerful winds from these typhoons ripped off roofs, windows, doors and walls from ...houses, and destroyed trees and other vegetation, leaving a vast amount of wooden, metallic, plastic, and glass debris and waste scattered across a wide area. Proper management of disaster waste is a critical task during the initial phase of disaster recovery. It is essential for coastal cities that are frequently affected by typhoons to have adequate capacity for post-disaster waste management. This capacity development project aimed to contribute to this end by providing appropriate knowledge and training to government and non-government stakeholders. The project was implemented in Lautoka City, Fiji and Makati City, Philippines, with the support of four prominent universities. In total, six training sessions were conducted under the project. The primary outputs of this project are the disaster waste management contingency plans of the two participating cities. The project team disseminated information about the capacity development project through the project website and through presentations in academic conferences, webinars, workshops, training, non-academic conferences, and radio guest appearances.
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo roles of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that binds to the active site of the 26S proteasome, in tertiary dentin formation.
We ...established pulpal access cavity preparation that was treated with or without bortezomib before direct pulp capping with a calcium hydroxide–based material. We also analyzed bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)- and Wnt-related signaling molecules using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
In the short-term observation period, the bortezomib-treated pulp specimens showed the period-altered immunolocalization patterns of nestin, CD31, and myeloperoxidase, whereas the control specimens did not. The bortezomib-treated group showed a complete dentin bridge with very few irregular tubules after 42 days. The micro–computed tomographic images showed more apparent dentin bridge structures in the treated specimens than were in the controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed up-regulated Bmp and Wnt.
These findings revealed that treatment with 1 μmol/L bortezomib induced reparative dentin formation that facilitated the maintenance of the integrity of the remaining pulpal tissue via early vascularization and regulation of Bmp and Wnt signaling.
•Bortezomib facilitates reparative dentin formation through modulated vascularization and inflammatory response.•Molecular mechanisms underlying bortezomib treatment would be related with Bmp and Wnt signaling.•Pulpal access cavity preparation using a mice model system permits us to evaluate a range of drugs for their ability of reparative dentin formation.
To understand the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress in mice molar development, we studied Tmbim6 that antagonizes the unfolded protein response, using Tmbim6 knockout (KO) mice and in vitro ...organ cultivation with knocking down using small interfering RNA. During molar development, Tmbim6 is expressed in developing tooth at E14–E16, postnatal0 (PN0), and PN6. Mineral content in Tmbim6 KO enamel was reduced while dentin was slightly increased revealing ultrastructural changes in pattern formation of both enamel and dentin. Moreover, odontoblast differentiation was altered with increased Dspp expression at PN0 followed by altered AMELX localizations at PN5. These results were confirmed by in vitro organ cultivation and showed altered Bmp signaling, proliferation, and actin rearrangement in the presumptive ameloblast and odontoblasts that followed the altered expression of differentiation and ER stress‐related signaling molecules at E16.5. Overall, ER stress modulated by Tmbim6 would play important roles in patterned dental hard tissue formation in mice molar within a limited period of development.
Tmbim6 is involved in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress. It plays an important role in the formation of patterned dental hard tissue in mice molar via modulation of ER stress in developing tooth.
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