We study the controllability of networks in the process of cascading failures under two different attacking strategies, random and intentional attack, respectively. For the highest-load edge attack, ...it is found that the controllability of Erdős-Rényi network, that with moderate average degree, is less robust, whereas the Scale-free network with moderate power-law exponent shows strong robustness of controllability under the same attack strategy. The vulnerability of controllability under random and intentional attacks behave differently with the increasing of removal fraction, especially, we find that the robustness of control has important role in cascades for large removal fraction. The simulation results show that for Scale-free networks with various power-law exponents, the network has larger scale of cascades do not mean that there will be more increments of driver nodes. Meanwhile, the number of driver nodes in cascading failures is also related to the edges amount in strongly connected components.
The optimal allocation of multi‐skilled workers in labor‐intensive industries can improve production capacity and reduce production costs. In actual production, the efficiency of workers will change ...with time due to their proficiency, fatigue, and other effects. In this article, we attempt to solve the problem of multi‐skilled workers allocation in unit brake production lines considering the heterogeneity of skills and time‐varying effects. A nonlinear mixed‐integer programming model is established, which fully considers the impact of worker efficiency due to proficiency, fatigue, and multi‐task rest recovery. The product production cycle and worker cost are the two objectives of the optimization solution. An enhanced NSGA‐II algorithm that combines the improved NSGA‐II algorithm and the variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm is used to solve the multiobjective optimization problem. Finally, the weighted ideal point method is used to obtain the Pareto optimal solution. The application case of a unit brake production is considered to evaluate the proposed model. The results indicate that the time cost and salary cost of workers are reduced by 8.03% and 18.91% compared with the original scheduling. The scheduling model considering learning, fatigue and recovery factors is more suitable for the actual production situation, ensuring the completion time and reducing the labor cost.
A nonlinear mixed‐integer programming model to address the challenge of allocating multi‐skilled workers in unit brake production lines while accounting for skill heterogeneity and time‐varying effects. The model incorporates a dynamic worker efficiency component that considers the impact of learning, fatigue, and recovery on worker performance over time.
Flower-like hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal approach combined with hydrogenation treatment. The obtained TiO2(B) nanostructures show uniform and ...hierarchical flower-like morphology with a diameter of 124 ± 5 nm, which are further constructed by primary nanosheets with a thickness of 10 ± 1.2 nm. The Ti3+ species and/or oxygen vacancies are well introduced into the structures of TiO2(B) after hydrogen reduction, resulting in an enhancement in the electronic conductivity (up to 2.79 × 10−3 S cm−1) and the modified surface electrochemical activity. When evaluated for lithium storage capacity, the hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures exhibit enhanced electrochemical energy storage performances compared to the pristine TiO2(B) nanostructures, including high capacity (292.3 mA h g−1 at 0.5C), excellent rate capability (179.6 mA h g−1 at 10C), and good cyclic stability (98.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 10C). The reasons for these improvements are explored in terms of the increased electronic conductivity and the facilitation of lithium ion transport arising from the introduction of oxygen vacancies and the unique flower-like morphologies.
Flower-like hydrogenated TiO2(B) nanostructures exhibit enhanced specific capacity, excellent rate performance and superior cycling stability. Display omitted
•H-TiO2(B) nanostructures are obtained by the solvothermal and hydrogenation method.•The thin TiO2(B) nanosheets are advantageous for the Li+ transport.•Ti3+ species in TiO2(B) structure can in situ monitor its electrical conductivity.•H-TiO2(B) nanostructures exhibited excellent electrochemical performances.
Numerous real-world systems can be naturally modeled as multilayer networks, providing an efficient tool to characterize these complex systems. Although recent progress in understanding the ...controlling of synthetic multiplex networks, how to control real multilayer systems remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the controllability and energy requirement of molecular multiplex networks coupled by transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network from the perspective of network structural characteristics. Our findings reveal that the driver nodes tend to avoid essential or pathogen-related genes. However, imposing external inputs on these essential or pathogen-related genes can remarkably reduce the energy cost, implying their crucial role in network control. Moreover, we find that the minimal driver nodes, as well as the energy required, are associated with disassortative coupling between TRN and PPI networks. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the roles of genes in biology and network control across several species.
•Tomato quality degrades after the red stage, and time after the harvest is important.•Fluorescence images were tested to monitor quality degradation nondestructively.•Fluorescence images were ...effective to monitor tomato storage continuously.•This approach can be used to monitor tomatoes under a nonideal temperature regime.
The potential of UV-induced fluorescence imaging was investigated as a non-destructive tool to monitor postharvest quality degradation of tomatoes harvested at the red stage and stored at 25 °C. The fluorescence images (excitation at 365 nm) were found to be a better indicator of tomato quality degradation than color images after color saturation. Tomatoes were stored at 25 °C for 9 d. The changes in color and fluorescence of tomato were evaluated by two types of images: Color and fluorescence images. A conventional colorimeter was also used for as a reference. Changes in the RGB ratio for these two types of images were opposite. In the color images, the G ratio decreased rapidly for the initial 3 or 5 d and then stabilized afterwards. On the other hand, in the fluorescence images, the G ratio increased continuously up to 9 d. Given that temperature conditions during transportation and storage of tomatoes is not always ideal, the results from this research provide the foundation for developing a postharvest monitoring system of mature tomato quality degradation.
Networks with dependency links are more vulnerable when facing the attacks. Recent research also has demonstrated that the interdependent groups support the spreading of cooperation. We study the ...prisoner's dilemma games on spatial networks with dependency links, in which a fraction of individual pairs is selected to depend on each other. The dependency individuals can gain an extra payoff whose value is between the payoff of mutual cooperation and the value of temptation to defect. Thus, this mechanism reflects that the dependency relation is stronger than the relation of ordinary mutual cooperation, but it is not large enough to cause the defection of the dependency pair. We show that the dependence of individuals hinders, promotes and never affects the cooperation on regular ring networks, square lattice, random and scale-free networks, respectively. The results for the square lattice and regular ring networks are demonstrated by the pair approximation.
Casuarina equisetifolia (L.) is an indispensable tree species in the construction of the backbone of the shelterbelt system in subtropical coastal regions, as it can resist wind, sand, drought, and ...salt. Under global warming and water shortage, it is important to clarify the mechanisms through which C. equisetifolia adapts to drought stress and to breed drought-resistant varieties in order to enhance the ecological protection provided by coastal shelterbelts. Here, we aimed to explore the response characteristics of C. equisetifolia to drought stress and investigate the associations of NAC genes with drought resistance. Seedlings of 16 half-sib C. equisetifolia families were subjected to drought treatment. Seedling growth, morphology, physiological and biochemical indices, and drought resistance were comprehensively evaluated. The drought-resistant families designated 4-383, 3-80, 3-265, 3-224, and 1-195 were selected using multiple indices and methods. Correlation and structural equation model analyses revealed that CCG007578 might regulate growth and osmoprotection in C. equisetifolia while CCG028838 and CCG004029 may scavenge reactive oxygen species. The correlation and structural equation model analyses of seedling height growth (ΔH), survival rate (S), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and CCG007578 expression were used to identify drought resistance in C. equisetifolia. The aforementioned drought-resistant families provide basic materials for future research on genes encoding drought-resistance proteins and the molecular breeding of drought-resistant C. equisetifolia.
The Miyauchi iyokan (iyokan) citrus fruit is typically harvested in late December to prevent damage from the winter weather. At the time of harvest, the ratio of Soluble Solids (SS) to acid content ...is generally low, commonly used to assess the quality of the juice. Therefore, the goal during postharvest treatment is to decrease the acid content and improve the SS levels. The quality of citrus can be influenced by environmental factors such as relative humidity (RH) and exposure to light, so it is important to monitor their effects. Hence, this study aims to observe the changes in internal quality indicators, such as the SS/acid ratio and fluorescence compounds, under different RH and light conditions to understand how the citrus characteristics are affected. The postharvest treatment involved storing the citrus fruit at temperatures between 5-10°C for two months under various conditions i.e., in the dark and exposed to light, with high RH (80-90%) and low RH (40-50%). The SS/acid ratio did not show significant changes during the two months of storage under any treatments. However, the high RH condition resulted in a slightly higher SS/acid ratio. Similarly, the Tryptophan-like compound did not exhibit any significant response to the different treatments. However, the intensity of fluorescence from polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) was higher in the dark treatment compared to the light treatment. PMFs play various roles in signaling and defense mechanisms in plants. Additionally, there was a notable increase in PMFs after thirty days of storage, indicating a response to light-induced stress.
Recent experimental research has revealed that the cooperation in dynamic social networks, has significant scope for enhancement because individuals in a social system break the links with defective ...neighbours. To investigate how the length of defection tolerance affects the cooperation of prisoner's dilemma game in dynamic ring networks, we study evolution of breaking and rewiring operations for social interaction as a response to the defection strategy. Defection tolerance is measured in terms of the time length that an individual tolerates a defector who continuously adopts the defective strategy. The results show that the dynamic nature of human social networks plays an essential role in promoting cooperation. Interestingly, there exists a critical value of the temptation to defect, below which the system is entirely dominated by cooperators, and a lower value of defection tolerance induces a larger threshold of temptation.
Most network research studying the robustness of critical infrastructure networks focuses on a particular aspect and does not take the entire system into consideration. We develop a general ...methodological framework for studying network robustness from multiple perspectives, i.e., Robustness assessment based on percolation theory, vulnerability analysis, and controllability analysis. Meanwhile, We use this approach to examine the Shanghai subway network in China. Specifically, (1) the topological properties of the subway network are quantitatively analyzed using network theory; (2) The phase transition process of the subway network under both random and deliberate attacks are acquired (3) Critical dense areas that are most likely to be the target of terrorist attacks are identified, vulnerability values of these critical areas are obtained; (4) The minimum number of driver nodes for controlling the whole network is calculated. Results show that the subway network exhibits characteristics similar to a scale-free network with low robustness to deliberate attacks. Meanwhile, we identify the critical area within which disruptions produce large performance losses. Our proposed method can be applied to other infrastructure networks and can help decision makers develop optimal protection strategies.
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