Despite its importance in human cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRC), oncogenic KRAS has been extremely challenging to target therapeutically. To identify potential vulnerabilities in ...KRAS-mutated CRC, we characterize the impact of oncogenic KRAS on the cell surface of intestinal epithelial cells. Here we show that oncogenic KRAS alters the expression of a myriad of cell-surface proteins implicated in diverse biological functions, and identify many potential surface-accessible therapeutic targets. Cell surface-based loss-of-function screens reveal that ATP7A, a copper-exporter upregulated by mutant KRAS, is essential for neoplastic growth. ATP7A is upregulated at the surface of KRAS-mutated CRC, and protects cells from excess copper-ion toxicity. We find that KRAS-mutated cells acquire copper via a non-canonical mechanism involving macropinocytosis, which appears to be required to support their growth. Together, these results indicate that copper bioavailability is a KRAS-selective vulnerability that could be exploited for the treatment of KRAS-mutated neoplasms.
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and considered intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy. Nearly all melanomas harbor mutations that activate the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase ...(MAPK) pathway, which contributes to drug resistance via poorly described mechanisms. Herein we show that the RAS/MAPK pathway regulates the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12), which is a transcriptional CDK required for genomic stability. We find that melanoma cells harbor constitutively high CDK12 activity, and that its inhibition decreases the expression of long genes containing multiple exons, including many genes involved in DNA repair. Conversely, our results show that CDK12 inhibition promotes the expression of short genes with few exons, including many growth-promoting genes regulated by the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors. Inhibition of these pathways strongly synergize with CDK12 inhibitors to suppress melanoma growth, suggesting promising drug combinations for more effective melanoma treatment.
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family contains four related members with roles in cancer. The proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) approach was used to reveal their biological functions. ...Several proximity partners were identified, including p120ctn, an essential component of adherens junctions. The results reported reveal a role for RSK in p120ctn phosphorylation and in the regulation of adherens junctions.
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Highlights
•BioID reveals the proximity partners of RSK family members.•All RSK isoforms associate with and phosphorylate p120ctn on Ser320.•RSK negatively regulates adherens junctions and reduces cell-cell adhesion.•p120ctn phosphorylation plays a role in the reorganization of proximity partners.
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway regulates various biological functions, including cell survival, proliferation and migration. This pathway is frequently deregulated in cancer, including melanoma, which is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) is a MAPK-activated protein kinase required for melanoma growth and proliferation, but relatively little is known about its function and the nature of its cellular partners. In this study, we used a proximity-based labeling approach to identify RSK proximity partners in cells. We identified many potential RSK-interacting proteins, including p120ctn (p120-catenin), which is an essential component of adherens junction (AJ). We found that RSK phosphorylates p120ctn on Ser320, which appears to be constitutively phosphorylated in melanoma cells. We also found that RSK inhibition increases melanoma cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that constitutive RAS/MAPK signaling negatively regulates AJ integrity. Together, our results indicate that RSK plays an important role in the regulation of melanoma cell-cell adhesion.
In human cells, the expression of ∼1,000 genes is modulated throughout the cell cycle. Although some of these genes are controlled by specific transcriptional programs, very little is known about ...their post-transcriptional regulation. Here, we analyze the expression signature associated with all 687 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and identify 39 that significantly correlate with cell cycle mRNAs. We find that NF45 and NF90 play essential roles in mitosis, and transcriptome analysis reveals that they are necessary for the expression of a subset of mitotic mRNAs. Using proteomics, we identify protein clusters associated with the NF45-NF90 complex, including components of Staufen-mediated mRNA decay (SMD). We show that depletion of SMD components increases the binding of mitotic mRNAs to the NF45-NF90 complex and rescues cells from mitotic defects. Together, our results indicate that the NF45-NF90 complex plays essential roles in mitosis by competing with the SMD machinery for a common set of mRNAs.
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•Depletion of NF45 or NF90 leads to pleiotropic mitotic defects•The NF45-NF90 complex associates with, and regulates, a cluster of mitotic mRNAs•The proximity interactome of NF45 and NF90 reveals Stau1 and Stau2•Depletion of Stau1/2 rescues mitotic defects induced by loss of NF45 or NF90
The timely expression of cell cycle genes is finely controlled by specific transcriptional programs. In this study, Nourreddine et al. evaluate the role of RNA-binding proteins in the post-transcriptional regulation of cell cycle genes. They show that the NF45-NF90 complex regulates the expression of an important cluster of mitotic mRNAs.
RNA therapeutics have had a tremendous impact on medicine, recently exemplified by the rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, RNA-targeting ...drugs have been developed for diseases with significant unmet medical needs through selective mRNA knockdown or modulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Recently, RNA editing, particularly antisense RNA-guided adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-based programmable A-to-I editing, has emerged as a powerful tool to manipulate RNA to enable correction of disease-causing mutations and modulate gene expression and protein function. Beyond correcting pathogenic mutations, the technology is particularly well suited for therapeutic applications that require a transient pharmacodynamic effect, such as the treatment of acute pain, obesity, viral infection, and inflammation, where it would be undesirable to introduce permanent alterations to the genome. Furthermore, transient modulation of protein function, such as altering the active sites of enzymes or the interface of protein-protein interactions, opens the door to therapeutic avenues ranging from regenerative medicine to oncology. These emerging RNA-editing-based toolsets are poised to broadly impact biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Here, we review the emerging field of therapeutic RNA editing, highlight recent laboratory advancements, and discuss the key challenges on the path to clinical development.
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ADAR-based RNA editing has emerged as a powerful tool to engineer RNAs, enable correction of disease-causing mutations, and modulate protein functions. We review the emerging field of therapeutic RNA editing, highlight recent laboratory advancements, and discuss the key challenges on the path to clinical development.
Many animal cell shape changes are driven by gradients in the contractile tension of the actomyosin cortex, a thin cytoskeletal network supporting the plasma membrane. Elucidating cortical tension ...control is thus essential for understanding cell morphogenesis. Increasing evidence shows that alongside myosin activity, actin network organisation and composition are key to cortex tension regulation. However, owing to a poor understanding of how cortex composition changes when tension changes, which cortical components are important remains unclear. In this article, we compared cortices from cells with low and high cortex tensions. We purified cortex-enriched fractions from cells in interphase and mitosis, as mitosis is characterised by high cortical tension. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 922 proteins consistently represented in both interphase and mitotic cortices. Focusing on actin-related proteins narrowed down the list to 238 candidate regulators of the mitotic cortical tension increase. Among these candidates, we found that there is a role for septins in mitotic cell rounding control. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive dataset of candidate cortex regulators, paving the way for systematic investigations of the regulation of cell surface mechanics. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Current chemotherapies for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) efficiently reduce tumor mass. Nonetheless, disease relapse attributed to survival of preleukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) is ...associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we provide direct evidence that pre-LSCs are much less chemosensitive to existing chemotherapy drugs than leukemic blasts because of a distinctive lower proliferative state. Improving therapies for T-ALL requires the development of strategies to target pre-LSCs that are absolutely dependent on their microenvironment. Therefore, we designed a robust protocol for high-throughput screening of compounds that target primary pre-LSCs maintained in a niche-like environment, on stromal cells that were engineered for optimal NOTCH1 activation. The multiparametric readout takes into account the intrinsic complexity of primary cells in order to specifically monitor pre-LSCs, which were induced here by the SCL/TAL1 and LMO1 oncogenes. We screened a targeted library of compounds and determined that the estrogen derivative 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) disrupted both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous pathways. Specifically, 2-ME2 abrogated pre-LSC viability and self-renewal activity in vivo by inhibiting translation of MYC, a downstream effector of NOTCH1, and preventing SCL/TAL1 activity. In contrast, normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells remained functional. These results illustrate how recapitulating tissue-like properties of primary cells in high-throughput screening is a promising avenue for innovation in cancer chemotherapy.
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway regulates various biological functions, including cell survival, proliferation and migration. This pathway is frequently deregulated ...in cancer, including melanoma, which is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) is a MAPK-activated protein kinase required for melanoma growth and proliferation, but relatively little is known about its function and the nature of its cellular partners. In this study, we used a proximity-based labeling approach to identify RSK proximity partners in cells. We identified many potential RSK-interacting proteins, including p120ctn (p120-catenin), which is an essential component of adherens junction (AJ). We found that RSK phosphorylates p120ctn on Ser320, which appears to be constitutively phosphorylated in melanoma cells. We also found that RSK inhibition increases melanoma cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that constitutive RAS/MAPK signaling negatively regulates AJ integrity. Together, our results indicate that RSK plays an important role in the regulation of melanoma cell-cell adhesion.
Le cycle cellulaire eucaryote se divise en une série de phases ordonnées qui ont pour finalité la division cellulaire. Ce processus est primordial dans la prolifération des cellules normales et le ...développement, mais il est aussi très fortement dérégulé dans les cellules cancéreuses. Les phases de cycle cellulaire sont différenciées par les tâches effectuées au cours de celles-ci et requièrent l’expression de gènes spécifiques à chacune des phases. Chez l’humain, il existe environ 1000 gènes dont l’expression est dépendante de la phase du cycle cellulaire. Les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle de l’expression périodique de ces gènes ont principalement été étudié aux niveaux transcriptionnels et post-traductionnels. Cependant, la régulation post-transcriptionnelle demeure encore peu étudiée dans le contexte du cycle cellulaire, malgré son importance dans le contrôle de l’expression génique. Afin d’identifier des régulateurs post-transcriptionnels du cycle cellulaire, nous avons analysé la corrélation existante entre l’expression des gènes périodiques du cycle cellulaire et celle de 687 protéines liant l’ARN (RNA-binding protein; RBP) sur plus de 1000 spécimens de cancer du sein. Cette analyse nous a permis d’identifier 39 RBP dont les protéines Nuclear Factor 45 (NF45) et Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90). NF45 et NF90 forment un hétérodimère qui lie des structures d’ARN double brin et qui contrôle l’expression génique à différents niveaux de l’épissage à la stabilisation des ARNm. La déplétion de NF45 ou NF90 inhibe la prolifération des cellules en induisant de nombreux défauts mitotiques qui résultent d’une baisse d’expression de plusieurs gènes essentiels à la mitose. D’autre part, à l’aide d’une méthode de protéomique nous avons réalisé l’interactome du complexe NF45-NF90 afin de déterminer à quels niveaux ce mécanisme de régulation prend place et avons identifié une interaction avec le complexe Staufen1/2-UPF1 responsable de la dégradation des ARNm. Ainsi, les niveaux d’expression de certains ARNm importants à la mitose sont conditionnés par une compétition entre NF45-NF90 et Staufen1/2 pour la liaison à ces ARNm. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons recherché les régulations potentielles sur NF45 et NF90 au cours du cycle cellulaire et avons i;
découvert des évènements de phosphorylation sur NF90 prenant place en phase G2/M. Nous avons montré que cette phosphorylation est médiée par CDK1, et l’activation de CDK1 provoque la translocation de NF90 du noyau vers le cytoplasme. Enfin, au vu de l’implication du complexe NF45-NF90 dans la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses, nous avons réalisé un essai de criblage à haut débit de 120 000 molécules sur l’interaction entre NF45 et NF90. Cet essai nous as permis d’identifier plus de plus 1000 molécules pouvant potentiellement interférer avec le complexe NF45-NF90. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons retrouvé 14 molécules de la famille des glycosides cardiaques, qui sont des composés antiarythmiques mais qui par ailleurs possèdent des effets anticancéreux décrits depuis plusieurs décennies. De façon intéressante, le traitement des cellules à ces composés mène à un phénotype mitotique très similaire à la déplétion de NF45 ou NF90, suggérant une implication du complexe NF45-NF90 dans les effets antimitotiques induits par les glycosides cardiaques. En conclusion, ces études nous ont permis d’éclairer le rôle du complexe NF45-NF90 dans la prolifération cellulaire, mais aussi d’approfondir la compréhension des différents mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire.
The eukaryotic cell cycle is divided into a series of ordered phases leading to cell division. This process is essential in normal cell proliferation and development, but it is also largely deregulated in cancer cells. Cell cycle phases are differentiated by the different molecular processes performed and expression of specific genes at each phase is determinant. In humans, there are approximately 1000 genes that are periodically expressed throughout the cell cycle. Control of this periodic expression has been well characterized at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, post-transcriptional regulation remains little studied in the context of the cell cycle, despite its importance in the control of gene expression. In order to identify post-transcriptional cell cycle regulators, we have correlated the expression of cell cycle genes with the expression of 687 RNA-binding proteins (RBP) in more than 1000 breast cancer specimens. This analysis allowed us to identify 39 RBPs, including Nuclear Factor 45 (NF45) and Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90). NF45 and NF90 form a heterodimer that binds double-stranded RNA structures and controls gene expression at various levels, from splicing to stabilization of mRNAs. Depletion of NF45 or NF90 inhibits cell proliferation by inducing several mitotic defects resulting from decreased expression of many genes essential for mitosis. In order to determine at which levels this regulatory mechanism takes place, we performed a proteomic method to identifyNF45-NF90 proximal interactors and identified an interaction with the Staufen1/2-UPF1 complex responsible for the degradation of mRNAs. Thus, it appears that the expression of some mitotic mRNAs is controlled by a competition between NF45-NF90 and Staufen1/2 for binding to these mRNAs. In a second study, we looked for potential regulations on NF45 and NF90 during the cell cycle and found phosphorylation events on NF90 taking place in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. We have shown that this phosphorylation is CDK1-dependent, and that CDK1 activation leads to the translocation of NF90 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Finally, based on the involvement of the NF45-NF90 complex in cancer cell proliferation, we carried out a high-throughput screening assay of 120,000;
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molecules on the interaction between NF45 and NF90. This assay allowed us to identify more than 1000 molecules that could potentially interfere with the NF45-NF90 complex. Amongst them, we found 14 molecules belonging to the cardiac glycoside family, which are antiarrhythmic drugs that also display anticancer effects. Interestingly, treatment with cardiac glycosides leads to a mitotic phenotype very similar to the depletion of NF45 or NF90, suggesting an involvement of the NF45-NF90 complex in the antimitotic effects induced by cardiac glycosides. In conclusion, these studies have shed light on the role of the NF45-NF90 complex in cell proliferation, but also deepened our understanding of the different mechanisms involved in cell cycle control.
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