On the basis of the results of previous national and international trials and studies, the Renal Tumour Study Group of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP-RTSG) has developed a new ...study protocol for paediatric renal tumours: the UMBRELLA SIOP-RTSG 2016 protocol (the UMBRELLA protocol). Currently, the overall outcomes of patients with Wilms tumour are excellent, but subgroups with poor prognosis and increased relapse rates still exist. The identification of these subgroups is of utmost importance to improve treatment stratification, which might lead to reduction of the direct and late effects of chemotherapy. The UMBRELLA protocol aims to validate new prognostic factors, such as blastemal tumour volume and molecular markers, to further improve outcome. To achieve this aim, large, international, high-quality databases are needed, which dictate optimization and international harmonization of specimen handling and comprehensive sampling of biological material, refine definitions and improve logistics for expert review. To promote broad implementation of the UMBRELLA protocol, the updated SIOP-RTSG pathology and molecular biology protocol for Wilms tumours has been outlined, which is a consensus from the SIOP-RTSG pathology panel.
Organoid models of childhood kidney tumours Ooms, Ariadne H A G; Calandrini, Camilla; de Krijger, Ronald R ...
Nature reviews. Urology,
06/2020, Letnik:
17, Številka:
6
Journal Article
We performed genome-wide sequencing and analyzed mRNA and miRNA expression, DNA copy number, and DNA methylation in 117 Wilms tumors, followed by targeted sequencing of 651 Wilms tumors. In addition ...to genes previously implicated in Wilms tumors (WT1, CTNNB1, AMER1, DROSHA, DGCR8, XPO5, DICER1, SIX1, SIX2, MLLT1, MYCN, and TP53), we identified mutations in genes not previously recognized as recurrently involved in Wilms tumors, the most frequent being BCOR, BCORL1, NONO, MAX, COL6A3, ASXL1, MAP3K4, and ARID1A. DNA copy number changes resulted in recurrent 1q gain, MYCN amplification, LIN28B gain, and MIRLET7A loss. Unexpected germline variants involved PALB2 and CHEK2. Integrated analyses support two major classes of genetic changes that preserve the progenitor state and/or interrupt normal development.
Unclassified sudden infant death (USID) is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after thorough case investigation including performance of a complete autopsy and ...review of the circumstances of death and the clinical history. When the infant is below 1 year of age and with onset of the fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, this is referred to as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). USID and SIDS remain poorly understood despite the identification of several environmental and some genetic risk factors. In this study, we investigated genetic risk factors involved in the autonomous nervous system in 195 Dutch USID/SIDS cases and 846 Dutch, age-matched healthy controls. Twenty-five DNA variants from 11 genes previously implicated in the serotonin household or in the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, of which some have been associated with SIDS before, were tested. Of all DNA variants considered, only the length variation of the polyalanine repeat in exon 3 of the
PHOX2B
gene was found to be statistically significantly associated with USID/SIDS in the Dutch population after multiple test correction. Interestingly, our data suggest that contraction of the
PHOX2B
exon 3 polyalanine repeat that we found in six of 160 SIDS and USID cases and in six of 814 controls serves as a probable genetic risk factor for USID/SIDS at least in the Dutch population. Future studies are needed to confirm this finding and to understand the functional effect of the polyalanine repeat length variation, in particular contraction, in exon 3 of the
PHOX2B
gene.
Renal tumors comprise approximately 7% of all malignant pediatric tumors. This is a highly heterogeneous group of tumors, each with its own therapeutic management, outcome, and association with ...germline predispositions. Histopathology is the key in establishing the correct diagnosis, and therefore pathologists with expertise in pediatric oncology are needed for dealing with these rare tumors. While each tumor shows different histologic features, they do have considerable overlap in cell type and histologic pattern, making the diagnosis difficult to establish, if based on routine histology alone. To this end, ancillary techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, can be of great importance for the correct diagnosis, resulting in appropriate treatment. To use ancillary techniques cost-effectively, we propose a pattern-based approach and provide recommendations to aid in deciding which panel of antibodies, supplemented by molecular characterization of a subset of genes, are required.
To prevent recurrence after ileocolonic resection ICR in Crohn's disease CD, postoperative prophylaxis based on risk stratification is recommended in international guidelines. This study aimed to ...evaluate postoperative CD recurrence after implementation of a clinical management algorithm and to determine the predictive value of clinical and histological risk factors RFs.
In this multicentre, prospective cohort study, CD patients ≥16 years scheduled for ICR were included. The algorithm advised no postoperative medication for low-risk patients, and treatment with prophylaxis immunosuppressant/biological for high-risk patients ≥1 RF: active smoking, penetrating disease, prior ICR. Clinical and histological RFs active inflammation, granulomas, plexitis in resection margins for endoscopic recurrence Rutgeerts' score ≥i2b at 6 months were assessed using logistic regression and ROC curves based on predicted probabilities.
In total, 213 CD patients after ICR were included age 34.5 years; 65% women (93 44% low-risk; 120 56% high-risk: 45 38% smoking; 51 43% penetrating disease; 51 43% prior ICR). Adherence to the algorithm was 82% in low-risk no prophylaxis and 51% in high-risk patients prophylaxis. Endoscopic recurrence was higher in patients treated without prophylaxis than with prophylaxis in both low 45% vs 16%, p = 0.012 and high-risk patients 49% vs 26%, p = 0.019. Clinical risk stratification including the prescription of prophylaxis corresponded to an area under the curve AUC of 0.70 (95% confidence interval CI 0.61-0.79). Clinical RFs combined with histological RFs increased the AUC to 0.73 95% CI 0.64-0.81.
Adherence to this management algorithm is 65%. Prophylactic medication after ICR prevents endoscopic recurrence in low- and high-risk patients. Clinical risk stratification has an acceptable predictive value, but further refinement is needed.
Aims
Interobserver agreement for dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is low, and guidelines advise expert review of dysplastic cases. The aim of this study was to assess the added value of p53 ...immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the homogeneity within a group of dedicated gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists.
Methods and results
Sixty‐single haematoxylin and eosin (HE) slide referral BO cases 20 low‐grade dysplasia (LGD); 20 high‐grade dysplasia (HGD); and 20 non‐dysplastic BO reference cases were digitalised and independently assessed twice in random order by 10 dedicated GI pathologists. After a ‘wash‐out’ period, cases were reassessed with the addition of a corresponding p53 IHC slide. Outcomes were: (i) proportion of ‘indefinite for dysplasia’ (IND) diagnoses; (ii) interobserver agreement; and (iii) diagnostic accuracy as compared with a consensus ‘gold standard’ diagnosis defined at an earlier stage by five core expert BO pathologists after their assessment of this case set. Addition of p53 IHC decreased the mean proportion of IND diagnoses from 10 of 60 to eight of 60 (P = 0.071). Mean interobserver agreement increased significantly from 0.45 to 0.57 (P = 0.0021). The mean diagnostic accuracy increased significantly from 72% to 82% (P = 0.0072) after p53 IHC addition.
Conclusion
Addition of p53 IHC significantly improves the histological assessment of BO biopsies, even within a group of dedicated GI pathologists. It decreases the proportion of IND diagnoses, and increases interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy. This justifies the use of accessory p53 IHC within our upcoming national digital review panel for BO biopsy cases.
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To characterize metanephric tumours in children, we performed a literature review investigating paediatric metanephric adenomas (MA), metanephric stromal tumours (MST) and metanephric ...adenofibromas (MAF). Including two patients from our own institution (MA, MAF), 110 individual cases (41 MA, 20 MAF, 49 MST) were identified. Additionally, fifteen composite tumours were identified, with areas of MA/MAF and Wilms tumour (WT) or papillary carcinoma. No distinct clinical or radiological features could be defined. In pure metanephric tumours, histologically proven distant metastases were reported once (MA), relapse was reported once (MST) and one tumour-related death occurred (MST). Somatic BRAF-V600E mutations were tested in 15 cases, and identified in 3/6 MA, 3/3 MAF, and 6/6 MST. In our institution the MA harboured a somatic KRAS-G12R mutation. Overall, paediatric metanephric tumours are difficult to discriminate from other renal tumours at presentation, behave relatively benign, and the occurrence of composite tumours warrants analysis of underlying (genetic) pathways.
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