Antibiotic Treatment Reduces the Health Benefits of Soy Protein Sánchez‐Tapia, Monica; Moreno‐Vicencio, Daniela; Ordáz‐Nava, Guillermo ...
Molecular nutrition & food research,
September 2020, 2020-09-00, 20200901, Letnik:
64, Številka:
17
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Scope
Soy protein is a high‐quality protein and its consumption has been associated with a reduction of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and an improvement in insulin resistance. However, it is ...not known whether the effects of soy protein are mediated by the gut microbiota. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess whether using antibiotics to partially eradicate the gut microbiota can prevent the beneficial effects of soy protein in rats.
Methods and results
Thus, rats are fed one of the following diets for 16 weeks: casein control, soy protein control, high‐fat casein, and high‐fat soy protein. The rats are then treated for 4 weeks with antibiotics. Body weight and composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance test, metabolic endotoxemia, and gut microbiota are measured before and after treatment with antibiotic. The results show that soy protein consumption decreases weight gain, body fat, metabolic endotoxemia, and increases energy expenditure and glucose tolerance. Antibiotic treatment suppresses all these metabolic effects. These changes are accompanied by modifying the diversity and taxonomy of the gut microbiota.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the evidence suggests that the health benefits of soy protein are partly dependent of the gut microbiota.
The consumption of soy protein produces changes in the gut microbiota associated with a decrease in metabolic endotoxemia, an improvement in insulin sensitivity and an increase in energy expenditure despite consuming a high‐fat diet; however, with the partial elimination of the intestinal microbiota with antibiotics, many of these effects are reduced, suggesting that soy protein effects are in part mediated by the gut microbiota.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni water extracts have been used as a natural sweetener and customary medicine by the indigenous inhabitants of South America for several hundred years. This plant was sent to ...Europe in the 16th century and was described by Peter Jacob Esteve in Spain. Recently the food industry has started to employ S. rebaudiana as sweetener using its glycosides after purification. Advertisement claims that Stevia glycosides is good for controling body mass and reducing glycemia. This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of S. rebaudiana leaf extract on Wistar rats as animal model to prove its effectiveness on body mass control, glycemia reduction, and other biochemical parameters. Three groups were randomly formed with 24 males and 24 females: A blank group without any sweetener, a control group drinking water with 10% glucose, and the test group ingesting a 0.94% water extract of S. rebaudiana. Body mass measurements as well as food and drink consumption were daily performed. The experiment lasted 120 days after the specimens were weaned and got used to eating solid food. Euthanasia was done and blood serum was collected to evaluate the following biochemical parameters: Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GIP. Results indicated that only female rats had statistical differences in body mass gain. No relevant effects either positive or negative were found in the biochemical parameters measured. The crude extracts of S. rebaudiana did not show any relevant changes in biochemical and hormonal profiles, changes nor body mass with respect to the blank and control groups of young and healthy rats in the age range of infancy to youth. According to the results obtained, the therapeutic properties that have been associated to S. rebaudiana consumption especially for body mass control and glycemia reduction, did not occur in young and healthy male and female rats in equivalent age to infants, young children, and youths.
AbstractBackground. The study of NAFLD in humans has several limitations. Using murine models helps to understand disease pathogenesis. Aim. Evaluate the impact of 4 different diets in the production ...of NAFLD with emphasis on a combined high-fat plus sustained high sucrose consumption. Material and methods. Eight week-old male Wistar rats were divided in four groups and fed for 90 days with the following diets: 1) Control chow diet (C); 2) High-fat cholesterol diet (HFC) + 5% sucrose in drinking water. 3) High-fat cornstarch diet (HFCO) + 5% sucrose in drinking water. 4) Chow diet + 20% sucrose in drinking water (HSD). Metabolic changes, leptin levels, liver histology, hepatic and plasma lipid composition, fasting plasma glucose and insulin and liver gene expression of FAS, SREBP-1 and PPAR-α were evaluated. Results. The HFC diet had the highest grade of steatosis (grade 2 of 3) and HSD showed also steatosis (grade 1). Liver weight TG and cholesterol concentrations in liver were greater in the HFC diet. There were no increased levels of iron in the liver. Rats in HFC gained significantly more weight (P < 0.001). All experimental groups showed fasting hyperglycemia. HFC had the highest glucose level (158.5 ± 7 mg/dL) (P < 0.005). The HSD and the HFCO diets developed also hyperglycemia. HSD had significantly higher fasting hyperinsulinemia. Serum leptin was higher in the HFC diet (p = 0.001). In conclusion, the HFC diet with combination of high fat and high sucrose is more effective in producing NAFLD compared with a high sucrose diet only.
Long‐term dietary and pharmacological treatments for obesity have been questioned, particularly in individuals with severe obesity, so a new approach may involve adipose tissue transplants, ...particularly autologous transplants. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) transplants into two specific intraabdominal cavity sites (omental and retroperitoneal) after 90 days. The study was performed using two different diet‐induced obesity (DIO) rat models: one using a high‐fat diet (HFD) and the other using a high‐carbohydrate diet (HCHD). Autologous SAT transplant reduced hypertrophic adipocytes, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced hepatic lipid content, and fasting serum‐free fatty acids (FFAs) concentrations in the two DIO models. In addition, the reductions in FFAs and glycerol were accompanied by a greater reduction in lipolysis, assessed via the phosphorylation status of HSL, in the transplanted adipose tissue localized in the omentum compared with that localized in the retroperitoneal compartment. Therefore, the improvement in hepatic lipid content after autologous SAT transplant may be partially attributed to a reduction in lipolysis in the transplanted adipose tissue in the omentum due to the direct drainage of FFAs into the liver. The HCHD resulted in elevated fasting and postprandial serum insulin levels, which were dramatically reduced by the autologous SAT transplant. In conclusion, the specific intraabdominal localization of the autologous SAT transplant improved the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of adipose tissue in obese rats and selectively corrected the metabolic parameters that are dependent on the type of diet used to generate the DIO model.
Autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue transplanted into two specific intraabdominal cavity sites (omental and retroperitoneal adipose tissue) improved insulin sensitivity, reduced hypertrophic adipocytes, and reduced hepatic lipid content and fasting serum‐free fatty acid concentrations in obese rats induced by high‐fat or high‐carbohydrate diets. Moreover, part of the metabolic improvement was mediated by changes in the adipose tissue lipolytic metabolism. The transplant procedure, which is an innovate method, permits to integrate physically and metabolically the transplanted adipose tissue.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a health problem throughout the world and is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, the purpose of the present work was to evaluate the effects of a ...dietary pattern (DP; soy protein, nopal, chia seed, and oat) on the biochemical variables of MetS, the AUC for glucose and insulin, glucose intolerance (GI), the relationship of the presence of certain polymorphisms related to MetS, and the response to the DP. In this randomized trial, the participants consumed their habitual diet but reduced by 500 kcal for 2 wk. They were then assigned to the placebo (P; n = 35) or DP (n = 32) group and consumed the reduced energy diet plus the P or DP beverage (235 kcal) minus the energy provided by these for 2 mo. All participants had decreases in body weight (BW), BMI, and waist circumference during the 2-mo treatment (P < 0.0001); however, only the DP group had decreases in serum TG, C-reactive protein (CRP), and AUC for insulin and GI after a glucose tolerance test. Interestingly, participants in the DP group with MetS and the ABCA1 R230C variant had a greater decrease in BW and an increase in serum adiponectin concentration after 2 mo of dietary treatment than those with the ABCA1 R230R variant. The results from this study suggest that lifestyle interventions involving specific DP for the treatment of MetS could be more effective if local foods and genetic variations of the population are considered.
The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners has increased in the last decades. However, there are doubts about its consumption and its impact on body mass and metabolic alterations. For this reason, ...this study investigates the effects of the consumption of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on body mass in different life stages of male and female Wistar rats: Childhood, adolescence, young adult, adulthood, and aged. For this purpose, 8 groups of male and female rats were used (10 per group/gender): sucrose 10%, glucose 14%, fructose 7%, acesulfame K 0.05%, aspartame:acesulfame mixture 1.55%, sucralose 0.017%, saccharin 0.033%, and a control group. Only in aged male rats (504 days) there were significant differences in body mass. In both genders, there were differences in food, drink, and energy intake along all life stage. It is concluded that non-nutritive sweeteners when consumed together with a balanced diet did not cause a greater body mass gain.
Circulating amino acids are modified by sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). However, whether the presence of genetic variants in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic enzymes ...modifies circulating amino acids is still unknown. Thus, we determined the frequency of two genetic variants, one in the branched-chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) gene (rs11548193), and one in the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) gene (rs45500792), and elucidated their impact on circulating amino acid levels together with clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters.
We performed a cross-sectional comparative study in which we recruited 1612 young adults (749 women and 863 men) aged 19.7 ± 2.1 years and with a BMI of 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Participants underwent clinical evaluation and provided blood samples for DNA extraction and biochemical analysis. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined by allelic discrimination using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The frequencies of the less common alleles were 15.2 % for BCAT2 and 9.83 % for BCKDH. The subjects with either the BCAT2 or BCKDH SNPs displayed no differences in the evaluated parameters compared with subjects homozygotes for the most common allele at each SNP. However, subjects with both SNPs had higher body weight, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and circulating levels of aspartate, isoleucine, methionine, and proline than the subjects homozygotes for the most common allele (P < 0.05, One-way ANOVA).
Our findings suggest that the joint presence of both the BCAT2 rs11548193 and BCKDH rs45500792 SNPs induces metabolic alterations that are not observed in subjects without either SNP.
•The less common alleles frequencies were 15.2% for the BCAT2 rs11548193 and 9.83% for the BCKDH rs45500792 polymorphisms.•BCAT2 polymorphism carriers presented lower isoleucine concentration than subjects homozygotes for the most common allele.•BCKDH SNPs carriers displayed no differences in the evaluated parameters compared with non-carrier homozygotes subjects.•Both SNPs carriers had higher BMI, blood pressure, glucose, Asp, Ile, Met, and Pro than non-carrier homozygotes subjects.
Abstract only
Background
Obesity is a public health problem that has been linked to the development of insulin resistance (IR), which is defined as the inability of tissues to respond to the action ...of this hormone. The presence of IR is associated with lipotoxicity and a greater metabolic inflexibility. Experimental studies in rodents in our laboratory have shown that bioactive compounds (Resveratrol (R), Genistein (G)) can improve insulin sensitivity by the activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle (SM), increasing fatty acid oxidation. However, these has not been demonstrated in humans.
Objective
To demonstrate the effect of resveratrol and/or genistein on insulin sensitivity in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and IR, and its association with the activation of AMPK in SM.
Methods
With this aim we conducted a clinical trial, randomized, double blind, including Mexican mestizos men and women with overweight and obesity (age range: 20–60 yrs.), who satisfied 3 positive criteria for MetS. Before and after each intervention, a glucose tolerance test was performed to measure glucose and insulin. In addition, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, Triglycerides, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Basal energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, and respiratory quotient were assessed by indirect calorimetry.
Muscle biopsies were taken only from 20 patients after two months of consumption of any bioactive compound (Placebo (P), R, G, and Combination (C)). Subsequent to the biopsy, JAK2, AMPK, ACC and their phosphorylated forms were assessed by Western blot and a histological analysis with SDH staining was performed.
Results
Forty‐two participants completed the study, in the genistein group there was a decrease in weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), adiponectin, AUC of insulin, leptin and an increase in muscle mass. In the resveratrol group there was a decrease in WC, diastolic blood pressure, liver function tests, leptin, AUC of insulin and an increase in muscle mass. In the combination group there was a decrease in weight, BMI, AUC of glucose and insulin. However there were no statistical differences in the placebo group. In the muscle biopsy we observed an increase in pAMPK, pACC, pJAK2 and PGC1 alfa concentration as well as a higher mitochondrial density in the groups that consumed any of the bioactive compounds compared to placebo group.
Conclusion
Consumption of these bioactive compounds improved insulin sensitivity, and it was associated with the activation of the AMPK pathway. Therefore, our results suggest that genistein and resveratrol could be used as a preventive strategy to ameliorate the abnormalities of glucose metabolism in patients with MetS.
Support or Funding Information
CONACYT GRANT 261843/UNAM
Supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Teccnología. Grant s CONACyT 261843 to ATP and UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico)
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