An investigation was carried out on the effects of the addition of Cu and the thickness of the SmCo/sub 5/-based thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy upon its magnetic properties, with ...the aim of reducing the Cu/Ti underlayer thickness. As a result, the Cu/Ti underlayer thickness necessary to obtain the squareness ratio of unity was successfully reduced from 125 to 50 nm. Moreover, for the SmCo/sub 5/ double-layered perpendicular magnetic recording media with a CoZrNb soft magnetic underlayer, the Cu/Ti underlayer thickness was further reduced to 35 nm. However, the magnetic cluster size and the values of coercivity and saturation field of the SmCo/sub 5/ media were found to be too large. Thus, we recognized the need for adjusting the cluster size and the magnetic properties to appropriate values, and also the need for investigating the possibility of using this material as patterned media or thermally assisted recording media.
The site of action for the sleep-promoting effect of prostaglandin (PG) D2was extensively examined in the brain of adult male rats (n = 231). PGD2was administered at 100 pmol/0.2 μl per min for 6 hr ...(2300-0500 hr) through chronically implanted microdialysis probes or infusion cannulae. Among the administrations of PGD2by dialysis probes (n = 176), only those (n = 8) to a ventro-rostral part of the basal forebrain by the probes implanted on the midline consistently increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), by 51 ± 6 min (mean ± SEM) above the baseline value (111 ± 11 min). Since this area is separated by a cleft into right and left regions, the results were interpreted to mean that, through this cleft, PGD2diffused in the subarachnoid space over the adjacent ventral surface, where it had the effect of promoting sleep. When PGD2was directly infused into the subarachnoid space (n = 55), extraordinary increases exceeding 90 min were consistently attained for the SWS at sites located between 0.5 and 2 mm rostral to the bregma and between 0 and 1.2 mm lateral to the midline defined according to the stereotaxic coordinates adopted from the brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson Paxinos, G. \& Watson, C. (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Academic, San Diego). Thus, we demarcated a "PGD2-sensitive, sleep-promoting zone" within this region in the ventral surface of the rostral basal forebrain. During the bilateral infusion of PGD2into the subarachnoid space of this zone, the hourly mean SWS level of the nocturnal animals (n = 6) in the night reached the maximum at the second hour of the infusion period; this maximum hourly SWS level, corresponding to the daytime level of the same animals, lasted until the end of PGD2infusion.
We identified the gene responsible for three allelic lazy1 mutations of Japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) by map-based cloning, complementation and RNA interference. Sequence analysis and database ...searches indicated that the wild-type gene (LAZY1) encodes a novel and unique protein (LAZY1) and that rice has no homologous gene. Two lazy1 mutants were LAZY1 null. Confirming and advancing the previously reported results on lazy1 mutants, we found the following. (i) Gravitropism is impaired, but only partially, in lazy1 coleoptiles. (ii) Circumnutation, observed in dark-grown coleoptiles, is totally absent from lazy1 coleoptiles. (iii) Primary roots of lazy1 mutants show normal gravitropism and circumnutation. (iv) LAZY1 is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in gravity-sensitive shoot tissues (i.e. coleoptiles, leaf sheath pulvini and lamina joints) and is little expressed in roots. (v) The gravitropic response of lazy1 coleoptiles is kinetically separable from that absent from lazy1 coleoptiles. (vi) Gravity-induced lateral translocation of auxin, found in wild-type coleoptiles, does not occur in lazy1 coleoptiles. Based on the genetic and physiological evidence obtained, it is concluded that LAZY1 is specifically involved in shoot gravitropism and that LAZY1-dependent and -independent signaling pathways occur in coleoptiles. It is further concluded that, in coleoptiles, only the LAZY1-dependent gravity signaling involves asymmetric distribution of auxin between the two lateral halves and is required for circumnutation.
The relationship between crystallographic grain orientation and the three kinds of surface energy components; dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding components, in Co
73Cr
18Pt
6Ta
3 perpendicular ...magnetic recording media with an amorphous C or a Ti
90Cr
10 underlayer was discussed. Each surface energy component of the thin film was calculated from an extended Fowkes theory by measuring the contact angle of a test liquid on the thin film. The experimental results revealed that the polar component of surface energy of the Co
73Cr
18Pt
6Ta
3 magnetization film with the C underlayer affected greatly the Co 0
0
1 preferred orientation of the Co
73Cr
18Pt
6Ta
3 magnetization film, while the surface energy of the Co
73Cr
18Pt
6Ta
3 magnetic layer with the Ti
90Cr
10 underlayer had little influence on the distribution of it.
We examined the function of putative sensory fibers that are contained in intercostal nerves and innervate interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in urethane-anesthetized rats. Warming the IBAT to ...40-44 degrees C with two small heaters placed bilaterally on the skin above it attenuated the subsequent noradrenaline-induced thermogenesis (NIT) of the IBAT. In this range of warming, higher IBAT temperatures resulted in more attenuation. Denervation of IBAT blocked the effect of thermal stimulation on the NIT. Thus, activation of nerve fibers in IBAT that are sensitive to warmth or to the nociceptive effects of heat probably attenuated the NIT. Since the putative sensory fibers in the IBAT contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, which are thought to act in peripheral tissues, we tested the effects of injection of these neuropeptides into the IBAT. Administration of 5.2 nmol CGRP but not substance P or vehicle saline mimicked the effect of thermal stimulation of IBAT. As the neuropeptide-containing primary sensory neurons are characterized by their sensitivity to capsaicin, we also tested its effects (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and found that it also attenuated the NIT. Denervation of the IBAT or pretreatment with capsazepine, a capsaicin receptor antagonist, blocked the effect of capsaicin. We propose that temperature- and capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers release CGRP to attenuate the NIT of brown adipocytes.
Signal and noise characteristics of Co/Pd multilayer perpendicular magnetic recording media are discussed based upon MFM analysis. The noise of the Co/Pd multilayer media is originated mainly from ...irregularities in the magnetic transition regions, and can be drastically suppressed by increasing the thickness of the carbon underlayer although a large number of reversed magnetic domains between the magnetic transitions still exist. The fine magnetic clusters formed in the medium with a thick carbon underlayer result in clear magnetic transition boundaries of recorded bits in the high recording density region. By examining the profile of the
M–
H loops, the decrement in the
α value, which is defined as the slope of
M–
H loop at the value of coercivity, improves the signal to noise (
S/
N) ratio for the Co/Pd multilayer media.
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