Highlights ► Activation of the lateral preoptic area (POA) elicits heat loss responses. ► Inhibition of its central part evokes heat production. ► Activation of the rostromedial POA evokes biphasic ...changes in thermogenesis. ► The locus that is highly sensitive to prostaglandin E2 is unreactive to glutamate.
Highlights • Microinjection of GABA into the parapyramidal (PPy) region elicited hypothermia. • Injection of bicuculline into the PPy elicited no apparent change in body temperature. • ...Hypoxia-induced hypothermia is blocked by pretreatment of the PPy with bicuculline. • Hypoxia-induced hypothermia is mediated by GABA in the PPy.
Electroless deposition (ELD) is a well-known method for preparing thin films of metals and their alloys. It is a highly selective method allowing additive patterning of isolated and embedded ...structures on insulating substrates, e.g. glass, plastic or ceramic. It is a relatively low temperature (less than the boiling point of the electrolyte) and low cost process compared to other physical and chemical vapor deposition methods. ELD features uniform and normally conformal deposition (additives may affect its conformality) with low defect density and some unique material properties. In the last 30 years electroless plating of metals (e.g. copper, gold, nickel, cobalt, palladium, iron, silver, etc.) and their alloys, was demonstrated for micro system applications: microelectronics, micro electro mechanics, micro electro optics and micro-fluidics, micro fuel cells, micro batteries etc. Electroless plating was also demonstrated on nano structures, both artificial and natural. In this paper we present a short tribute to the recent advances in electroless plating in the last 30 years. Those advances and innovations are due to the work of many scientists and engineers on a time span started in the 19th century. The progress in electroless plating followed the need and the trend for better metallization technologies for complex structures with critical dimensions that had been shrinking continuously in the last few decades.
One of the important challenges in condensed matter science is to understand ultrafast, atomic-scale fluctuations that dictate dynamic processes in equilibrium and non-equilibrium materials. Here, we ...report an important step towards reaching that goal by using a state-of-the-art perfect crystal based split-and-delay system, capable of splitting individual X-ray pulses and introducing femtosecond to nanosecond time delays. We show the results of an ultrafast hard X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiment at LCLS where split X-ray pulses were used to measure the dynamics of gold nanoparticles suspended in hexane. We show how reliable speckle contrast values can be extracted even from very low intensity free electron laser (FEL) speckle patterns by applying maximum likelihood fitting, thus demonstrating the potential of a split-and-delay approach for dynamics measurements at FEL sources. This will enable the characterization of equilibrium and, importantly also reversible non-equilibrium processes in atomically disordered materials.
Abstract Central nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in hypothermia induced by hypoxia as well as in that elicited by noradrenaline (NA) microinjected into the rostromedial preoptic area (POA) of ...the hypothalamus. Here, I tested the hypothesis that activation of adrenoceptors and NO in the rostromedial POA is involved in hypoxia-induced hypothermia in urethane–chloralose-anesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked, artificially ventilated rats. Hypoxic ventilation (10% O2 –90% N2 , 5 min) evoked an increase in the tail skin temperature and a decrease in the colonic temperature, though these changes occurred at 30 s to 7 min after returning the rats to ventilation with room air. These responses were eliminated by prior bilateral transection of the carotid sinus nerves, but not by bilateral cervical vagotomy, suggesting the involvement of activated carotid chemoreceptors in the hypoxic ventilation-induced hypothermia. Such responses were also greatly attenuated by the microinjection of an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N G -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA, 25 nmol), but not by that of its inactive enantiomer, N G -monomethyl- d -arginine ( d -NMMA, 25 nmol), into the NA-sensitive, hypothermia-inducing site in the rostromedial POA. Pretreatment with the α 1 -adrenoceptor blocker prazosin (50 pmol), but not vehicle saline, also greatly attenuated the hypoxic ventilation-induced heat loss responses. These results suggest that this hypoxia-induced hypothermia was mediated, at least in part, by activation of α 1 -adrenoceptors and NOS in the rostromedial POA.
Highlights ► Glutamatergic transmission was bilaterally blocked in the lateral preoptic area (POA). ► Hypothermic responses evoked by hypoxic ventilation were greatly attenuated. ► That was also the ...case with those elicited by noradrenaline (NA) or nitric oxide (NO). ► NA/NO in the rostromedial POA activates glutamatergic transmission in the lateral POA. ► Hypoxia-induced hypothermia is mediated by glutamate in the lateral POA.
A method of fabricating multilayer focusing mirrors that can focus X-rays down to 10 nm or less was established in this study. The wavefront aberration induced by multilayer Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror ...optics was measured using a single grating interferometer at a photon energy of 9.1 keV at SPring-8 Angstrom Compact Free Electron Laser (SACLA), and the mirror shape was then directly corrected by employing a differential deposition method. The accuracies of these processes were carefully investigated, considering the accuracy required for diffraction-limited focusing. The wavefront produced by the corrected multilayer focusing mirrors was characterized again in the same manner, revealing that the root mean square of the wavefront aberration was improved from 2.7 (3.3) rad to 0.52 (0.82) rad in the vertical (horizontal) direction. A wave-optical simulator indicated that these wavefront-corrected multilayer focusing mirrors are capable of achieving sub-10-nm X-ray focusing.
Abstract The unilateral microinjection of noradrenaline (NA), but not vehicle solution, into the rostromedial preoptic area (POA) elicited simultaneous increases in cutaneous temperatures of the tail ...and sole of the foot and decreases in the whole-body O2 consumption rate, heart rate, and colonic temperature in urethane–chloralose-anesthetized rats, suggesting a coordinate increase in heat loss and decrease in heat production. The magnitude of these responses increased dose-dependently over the range of 1–100 pmol, except for the metabolic and bradycardic responses. Similar hypothermic responses were elicited by the microinjection of 40 pmol methoxamine (an α1 -adrenergic agonist), but not by that of clonidine (an α2 -agonist) or isoproterenol (a β-agonist). Sites at which microinjection of NA elicited hypothermic responses were in the vicinity of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis including the median preoptic nucleus, whereas no thermal or metabolic response was elicited when NA was microinjected into the lateral POA or caudal part of the medial POA. The microinjection of 130 fmol prostaglandin (PG) E2 into the NA-sensitive site always elicited thermogenic, tachycardic, and hyperthermic responses. Furthermore, the PGE2 -induced febrile responses were greatly attenuated by prior administration of NA at the same site. These results demonstrate that NA in the rostromedial POA exerts α1 -adrenoceptor-mediated hypothermic effects and opposes PGE2 -induced fever.
Abstract Noradrenaline (NA) microinjected into the rostromedial preoptic area (POA) elicits heat loss responses and opposes prostaglandin E2 -induced fever. Here, I tested the hypothesis that local ...synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) mediates the NA-induced effects. The unilateral microinjection of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 8.4 nmol), but not that of saline solution, into the NA-sensitive site elicited an increase in tail skin temperature and decreases in the whole-body O2 consumption rate, heart rate, and colonic temperature simultaneously in urethane–chloralose-anesthetized rats. Pretreatment with SNP greatly attenuated the thermogenic, tachycardic, and hyperthermic effects of prostaglandin E2 (140 fmol) microinjected into the same site. Furthermore, the NA-induced hypothermic responses were largely blocked by a prior microinjection of an NO synthase inhibitor NG -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA, 5 nmol), but not by that of its inactive enantiomer, NG -monomethyl- d -arginine ( d -NMMA, 5 nmol), at the same site. These results suggest that the hypothermic and antipyretic effects of NA are mediated by NO in the rostromedial POA.
We have reported in our past work that electrodeposited Sn–Ni alloy with different composition show considerably different performance as anode materials for Li-ion batteries, and the performance was ...remarkably well (ca. 650
mAh
g
−1 at 70th cycle) when the composition was controlled to Sn
62Ni
38. In this work, structural changes during charge discharge cycling of Sn–Ni alloy with different composition were investigated to evaluate their differences in the cycle performance. From the XRD result, Ni
3Sn
4 phase was the main phase seen in Sn
62Ni
38, and its reversible reactivity with Li was confirmed. We suggest that this is the key phase for its high capacity and lengthened cycle life. From Sn
54Ni
46, which showed low capacity, only a metastable phase close to the structure of SnNi was confirmed. The results from Sn
84Ni
16 indicated the presence of pure Sn and Sn rich metastable phase would lead to relatively fast electrode degradation.
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