Fullerene C60 shows astronomical four infrared bands (IR) of carbon rich planetary nebulae. However, there remain many unidentified bands. Our previous paper revealed that single void-defect ...induced graphene molecule reproduce many astronomical bands. In this paper, we investigated a series of multiple-void induced graphene molecules. We tried spin dependent DFT calculation. Model molecules are C23 (one carbon pentagon ring among hexagon network), C22 (two), and C21 (three). Those were all magnetic molecules with spin state of Sz =2/2, 2/2 and 4/2 respectively. Calculated IR was compared with astronomical observation. The largest astronomical band at 18.9 micrometer was found in C23. Second largest band at 17.4 micrometer appeared both in C22 and C21. Other major bands from 6 to 10 micrometer were reproduced well by a combination of C23, C22 and C21. Similarly, larger size graphene molecules of C53, C52 and C51 were also magnetic and reproduced astronomical bands as well. Weighting sum IR of those molecules could successfully trace astronomical 12 bands from 6 to 20 micrometer. A series of multiple void induced graphene would be major component of astronomical carbon. Fullerene C60 would be one of them.
We present an analysis of multi-epoch observations of the Type II-P supernova SN 2004et. New and archival optical spectra of SN 2004et are used to study the evolution of the Hα and O i 6300-Å line ...profiles between days 259 and 646. Mid-infrared imaging with Michelle on Gemini-North and with all three instruments of the Spitzer Space Telescope was carried out between 2004 and 2010, supplemented by archival Spitzer data. We include Spitzer'warm' mission photometry at 3.6 and 4.5 μm obtained on days 1779, 1931 and 2151, along with ground-based and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical and near-infrared observations obtained between days 79 and 1803. Multiwavelength light curves are presented, as well as optical-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for multiple epochs. Starting from about day 300, the optical light curves provide evidence for an increasing amount of circumstellar extinction attributable to newly formed dust, with the additional extinction reaching 0.8-1.5 mag in the V band by day 690. The overall SEDs were fitted with multiple blackbody components, in order to investigate the luminosity evolution of the supernova, and then with Monte Carlo radiative transfer models using smooth or clumpy dust distributions, in order to estimate how much new dust condensed in the ejecta. The luminosity evolution was consistent with the decay of 56Co in the ejecta up until about day 690, after which an additional emission source is required, in agreement with the findings of Kotak et al. Clumped dust density distributions consisting of 20 per cent amorphous carbons and 80 per cent silicates by mass were able to match the observed optical and infrared SEDs, with dust masses that increased from 8 × 10−5 M⊙ on day 300 to 1.5 × 10−3 M⊙ on day 690, still significantly lower than the values needed for core-collapse supernovae to make a significant contribution to the dust enrichment of galaxies.
To evaluate the performance of dual source CT coronary angiography (DSCT-CA) in the detection of in-stent restenosis (>or=50% luminal narrowing) in symptomatic patients referred for conventional ...angiography (CA). DESIGN/ PATIENTS: 100 patients (78 males, age 62 (SD 10)) with chest pain were prospectively evaluated after coronary stenting. DSCT-CA was performed before CA.
Many patients undergo coronary artery stenting; availability of a non-invasive modality to detect in-stent restenosis would be desirable.
Average heart rate (HR) was 67 (SD 12) (range 46-106) bpm. There were 178 stented lesions. The interval between stenting and inclusion in the study was 35 (SD 41) (range 3-140) months. 39/100 (39%) patients had angiographically proven restenosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of DSCT-CA, calculated in all stents, were 94%, 92%, 77% and 98%, respectively. Diagnostic performance at HR <70 bpm (n = 69; mean 58 bpm) was similar to that at HR >or=70 bpm (n = 31; mean 78 bpm); diagnostic performance in single stents (n = 95) was similar to that in overlapping stents and bifurcations (n = 83). In stents >or=3.5 mm (n = 78), sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV were 100%; in 3 mm stents (n = 59), sensitivity and NPV were 100%, specificity 97%, PPV 91%; in stents <or=2.75 mm (n = 41), sensitivity was 84%, specificity 64%, PPV 52%, NPV 90%. Nine stents <or=2.75 mm were uninterpretable. Specificity of DSCT-CA in stents >or=3.5 mm was significantly higher than in stents <or=2.75 mm (OR = 6.14; 99%CI: 1.52 to 9.79).
DSCT-CA performs well in the detection of in-stent restenosis. Although DSCT-CA leads to frequent false positive findings in smaller stents (<or=2.75 mm), it reliably rules out in-stent restenosis irrespective of stent size.
The HERschel Inventory of The Agents of Galaxy Evolution (HERITAGE) of the Magellanic Clouds will use dust emission to investigate the life cycle of matter in both the Large and Small Magellanic ...Clouds (LMC and SMC). Using the Herschel Space Observatory's PACS and SPIRE photometry cameras, we imaged a 2° × 8° strip through the LMC, at a position angle of ~22.5° as part of the science demonstration phase of the Herschel mission. We present the data in all 5 Herschel bands: PACS 100 and 160 μm and SPIRE 250, 350 and 500 μm. We present two dust models that both adequately fit the spectral energy distribution for the entire strip and both reveal that the SPIRE 500 μm emission is in excess of the models by ~6 to 17%. The SPIRE emission follows the distribution of the dust mass, which is derived from the model. The PAH-to-dust mass (fPAH) image of the strip reveals a possible enhancement in the LMC bar in agreement with previous work. We compare the gas mass distribution derived from the HI 21 cm and CO J = 1–0 line emission maps to the dust mass map from the models and derive gas-to-dust mass ratios (GDRs). The dust model, which uses the standard graphite and silicate optical properties for Galactic dust, has a very low GDR = 65-18+15 making it an unrealistic dust model for the LMC. Our second dust model, which uses amorphous carbon instead of graphite, has a flatter emissivity index in the submillimeter and results in a GDR = 287-42+25 that is more consistent with a GDR inferred from extinction.
Background Emerging evidence indicates an association between sympathetic activation and metabolic syndrome. However, sympathetic activation in metabolic syndrome may be a cause, consequence, or just ...epiphenomenon. To elucidate this issue, the predictive power of resting heart rate for the development of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolisms after 20 years was evaluated in a general population. Methods A total of 637 participants (>20 years old) underwent a health examination in 1979 including measurements of blood chemistries. Resting heart rate (bpm) was measured by an electrocardiogram. In 1999, all of the study participants again underwent a health examination, including electrocardiogram and blood chemistries. Because four of them had atrial fibrillation, and 19 subjects were taking antihypertensive medication in 1979, they were excluded from analysis. Therefore, a complete dataset of 614 subjects was available. Results As was reported in our previous article, in 1999 we found a linear and significant (P < 0.05) cross-sectional relationship between resting heart rate and a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure (BP), free fatty acid (FFA), plasma glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index). Baseline higher heart rate (heart rate ≥80 bpm in 1979) predicted the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and insulin resistance in 1999 after adjustments for age, sex, and other confounders. Conclusion This is one of the first prospective reports demonstrating that higher heart rate may predispose to the development of obesity and DM, suggesting that the sympathetic nerve system may play a role in the development of obesity and DM.
We investigate the dust associated with the supernova remnant (SNR) N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) as observed with the Herschel Space Observatory. N49 is unusually bright because of an ...interaction with a molecular cloud along its eastern edge. We have used PACS and SPIRE to measure the far IR flux densities of the entire SNR and of a bright region on the eastern edge of the SNR where the SNR shock is encountering the molecular cloud. Using these fluxes supplemented with archival data at shorter wavelengths, we estimate the dust mass associated with N49 to be about 10 $M_{\odot}$. The bulk of the dust in our simple two-component model has a temperature of 20–30 K, similar to that of nearby molecular clouds. Unfortunately, as a result of the limited angular resolution of Herschel at the wavelengths sampled with SPIRE, the uncertainties are fairly large. Assuming this estimate of the dust mass associated with the SNR is approximately correct, it is probable that most of the dust in the SNR arises from regions where the shock speed is too low to produce significant X-ray emission. The total amount of warm 50–60 K dust is ~0.1 or 0.4 $M_{\odot}$, depending on whether the dust is modeled in terms of carbonaceous or silicate grains. This provides a firm lower limit to the amount of shock heated dust in N49.
Summary Two hundred and sixty-five consecutive patients awaiting hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery were prospectively observed for surgical site infections (SSIs). SSI rates differed according to ...type of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery. Multivariate analysis identified enteric anastomoses, poor postoperative blood glucose control and type of cancer as independent risk factors. SSI rates were directly correlated with the degree of hyperglycaemia encountered during the postoperative period. In particular, SSI rates were 5/25 (20%) among patients in whom a blood glucose level of <200 mg/dL was maintained by insulin infusion therapy, which was significantly better than the rates of 49/94 (52%) among patients in whom a blood glucose level of <200 mg/dL was not maintained despite insulin infusion therapy ( P < 0.01). It is necessary to maintain postoperative blood glucose levels of <200 mg/dL in order to reduce SSI rates.
We present the detection and analysis of molecular hydrogen emission towards ten interstellar regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We examined low-resolution infrared spectral maps of 12 regions ...obtained with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph (IRS). The pure rotational 0-0 transitions of H... at 28.2 and 17.1 mu m are detected in the IRS spectra for 10 regions. The higher level transitions are mostly upper limit measurements except for three regions, where a 3... detection threshold is achieved for lines at 12.2 and 8.6 mu m. The excitation diagrams of the detected H... transitions are used to determine the warm H... gas column density and temperature. The single-temperature fits through the lower transition lines give temperatures in the range 86-137 K. The bulk of the excited H... gas is found at these temperatures and contributes ~5-17 per cent to the total gas mass. We find a tight correlation of the H... surface brightness with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total infrared emission, which is a clear indication of photoelectric heating in photodissociation regions. We find the excitation of H... by this process is equally efficient in both atomic- and molecular-dominated regions. We also present the correlation of the warm H... physical conditions with dust properties. The warm H... mass fraction and excitation temperature show positive correlations with the average starlight intensity, again supporting H... excitation in photodissociation regions. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Context. This is the first of a series of investigations into far-IR characteristics of 11 planetary nebulae (PNe) under the Herschel Space Observatory open time 1 program, Herschel Planetary Nebula ...Survey (HerPlaNS). Aims. Using the HerPlaNS data set, we look into the PN energetics and variations of the physical conditions within the target nebulae. In the present work, we provide an overview of the survey, data acquisition and processing, and resulting data products. Methods. We performed (1) PACS/SPIRE broadband imaging to determine the spatial distribution of the cold dust component in the target PNe and (2) PACS/SPIRE spectral-energy-distribution and line spectroscopy to determine the spatial distribution of the gas component in the target PNe. Results. For the case of NGC 6781, the broadband maps confirm the nearly pole-on barrel structure of the amorphous carbon-rich dust shell and the surrounding halo having temperatures of 26-40 K. The PACS/SPIRE multiposition spectra show spatial variations of far-IR lines that reflect the physical stratification of the nebula. We demonstrate that spatially resolved far-IR line diagnostics yield the (T sub(e), n sub(e)) profiles, from which distributions of ionized, atomic, and molecular gases can be determined. Direct comparison of the dust and gas column mass maps constrained by the HerPlaNS data allows to construct an empirical gas-to-dust mass ratio map, which shows a range of ratios with the median of 195 + or - 110. The present analysis yields estimates of the total mass of the shell to be 0.86 M sub(middot in circle), consisting of 0.54 M sub(middot in circle) of ionized gas, 0.12 M sub(middot in circle) of atomic gas, 0.2 M sub(middot in circle) of molecular gas, and 4 x 10 super(-3) M sub(middot in circle) of dust grains. These estimates also suggest that the central star of about 1.5 M sub(middot in circle) initial mass is terminating its PN evolution onto the white dwarf cooling track. Conclusions. The HerPlaNS data provide various diagnostics for both the dust and gas components in a spatially resolved manner. In the forthcoming papers of the HerPlaNS series we will explore the HerPlaNS data set fully for the entire sample of 11 PNe.
Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are problematic with respect to the energy utilization efficiency of animal feed as well as environmental sustainability due to such emissions being a major ...greenhouse gas source. The objective of this experiment was to determine the methane emissions and feeding performance of two breeds of Zebu beef cattle fed rice straw based diets with oil plant inclusion. Eight mature bulls (four Thai native and four Brahman crossbred beef cattle weighing 290±10.2 and 401±29.7kg (mean±SD), respectively) were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21 day periods. The following dietary treatments were assigned: 1=control diet, 2=whole cottonseed diet, 3=whole sunflower seed diet and 4=coconut kernel diet. The animals were individually placed in metabolic cages and respiration chambers to determine feed intake, total tract digestibility and methane emissions. The two cattle breeds were not different in their dry matter intake per body weight (or metabolic body weight) and digestibility, but the corresponding values for the oil plant dietary treatments were less (P<0.001) than those for the control diet. All of the oil plant treatments decreased (P<0.001) the dry matter and NDF digestibility compared to the control diet, but the oil plants had no effect on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen or total volatile fatty acid concentration. The methane emissions of the Brahman crossbred beef cattle were greater (P<0.001) than those of the Thai native cattle (135.4 and 171.5L/day), but there was no difference (P>0.05) when corrected for dry matter intake, organic matter intake, metabolic size or gross energy intake. The methane emission rate was reduced (P<0.001) by up to 50.1% by the oil plant feeding strategy compared to the control diet. The methane emission rate of the base line typical feeding system in the control diet (10.4%) appeared to be much greater than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change value of 6.5% for cattle fed low-quality crop residues or by-products. Our results demonstrated that methane emissions did not differ between Zebu beef cattle when corrected for metabolic body weight and feed or gross energy intake. The inclusion of oil plants in the diets, such as the coconut kernel, sunflower seed and cottonseed, affects intake, digestibility and potentially be used as an enteric methane mitigation feeding strategy.
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