The Future Circular Collider FCC-ee aims at unprecedented luminosities to be obtained with the crab-waist collision scheme. In this paper we describe the mechanical model of the interaction region ...layout including its assembly procedure. After a discussion on the requirements and constraints, we present the engineered design of the vacuum chamber with the cooling system, the bellows, the vertex and outer tracker detectors and their integration in a carbon-fibre lightweight support structure that will support also the luminosity calorimeter.
Links able to sustain high-speed data transfer while exposed to radiation phenomena are required by several applications, including aerospace and high-energy physics experiments. To satisfy this ...need, this paper outlines the design of a radiation-hard line driver for communication up to 10 Gb/s. The driver design is focused on the techniques adopted to increase its radiation hardness, namely the use of long-channel transistors, the avoidance of p-type MOSFETs and thick oxide devices. Circuital strategies to boost driver speed, such as inductive peaking, buffer chaining, and optimal layout placement and routing, are discussed and implemented to compensate for the downsides caused by adopted radiation-hard techniques. The driver, fabricated in 65 nm technology, has been experimentally tested demonstrating its ability to operate up to 10 Gb/s in a radiation-pervaded environment. In particular, after exposure to 1 Grad(SiO2) X-ray, the line driver exhibits an output signal amplitude reduction of 18.3% and a jitter increase of 5.53%. Performed temperature tests highlight that the line driver is capable to operate at 125 °C with 15.9% and 6.7% output signal swing reduction and jitter increase, respectively. The temperature tests also demonstrate the driver's ability to work up to 160 °C with an output signal swing reduction below 25% and a jitter increase below 12%.
The aging process of wine is influenced by various factors, including the presence of oxygen, the temperature, and the storage conditions. While oxygen can have both positive and negative effects on ...wine quality, temperature fluctuations during storage can impact its chemical composition. This study has investigated the aging of Merlot and Sangiovese wines under traditional cellar conditions and underwater, exploring the influence of storage parameters on their chemical evolution. Analyzing parameters such as temperature, pressure, and chemical composition, the research revealed subtle but significant changes in the wines over time. Both wines showed a gradual reduction in total phenols, anthocyanins, non-flavonoid compounds, and total sulfur dioxide, irrespective of the storage conditions. Preliminary findings suggested that aging wine underwater does not induce significant alterations in its fundamental characteristics compared to traditional cellar aging. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of wine aging processes and highlight the importance of storage conditions in preserving wine quality. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complexities of underwater aging and its broader implications for wine production.
Winemaking variables and techniques are known to affect the composition of wines. To obtain a rapid and safe fermentation course, with a reduced risk of proliferation of unwanted microbial species, ...frequent recourse is made to the use of selected microorganisms, which can greatly simplify the complex management of the fermentation process. In particular, selected strains of lactic acid bacteria are used, which are much more sensitive than yeasts to the operating conditions of the medium. In this regard, the overall aim of this research was to verify whether the early inoculation of homolactic acid bacteria for hexoses (
) carried out after 24 h, compared with that of saccharomycetes operating alcoholic fermentation, could be advantageous compared with a traditional innoculation with a different heterolactic bacterial strain for hexoses (
) operated at the end of alcoholic fermentation. The grape variety chosen was Sangiovese, the protagonist of Tuscan oenology. The evaluation focused on different aspects such as the management of winery operations, and the quality and longevity of the product; was carried out in all phases of winemaking; and analysed both from a chemical and sensory point of view.
This research aimed to explore the feasibility of fortifying bread with cooked Vitelotte potato powder and
albedo, comparing the use of baker's yeast or sourdough as leavening agents. Breads obtained ...were thus subjected to physico-chemical and sensory characterizations. The replacement of part of the wheat flour with purple potato and albedo determined a significant enhancement of the phenolic profile and antioxidant status of fortified breads, as well as a longer shelf life. Thanks to its acidity and antimicrobial activity, sourdough improved the levels of health-promoting compounds and stability. Both the fortification and the leavening agent deeply affected the organoleptic, expression, and the aroma profile, of the fortified bread. Interestingly, albedo addition, despite its effectiveness in boosting the phenolic profile, determined a higher perception of aftertaste and bitterness, irrespective of the leavening agent. Based on these results, the use of purple potatoes and
albedo, if properly formulated, could represent a valuable strategy for the development of high-quality products, with longer shelf-life.
In Italy, Chianti Classico identifies a territory located in the heart of Tuscany that was once known as Chianti. From the pedological point of view, the entire DOCG (Denomination of controlled and ...guaranteed origin) has some common features but also shows many specific features related to certain small areas that give rise to the presence of many “terroirs”. Due to the intertwining created by the alternation of valleys and hills and the different characteristics of the territory, factors such as altitude and exposure play a very important role in the vegetative and productive expression of grapes. Some production areas were identified within the appellation where it is argued that the terroir and the grapes are quite distinct from those of other surrounding areas, albeit within the Chianti Classico appellation. On the basis of this information and considering that no data are available in the literature, the present study proposed an innovative multidisciplinary approach (analytical and statistical) that was capable of carrying out an objective evaluation of the various sub-areas investigated, using Sangiovese grapes as the variety in question. This research took into account the climatic results and the different pedological characteristics, evaluating the evolutionary phenomena that were linked to the ripening of the grapes in each phase of its formation.
This paper presents the design and experimental verification of two drivers designed to be compliant with the high radiation dose levels present in the inner layers of the CERN's Large Hadron ...Collider (LHC) experimental chambers. The drivers, designed to face up to 800 Mrad (SiO 2 ) Total Ionizing Dose, are able to sustain up to 5 Gbps bit-rate links when integrated in a 65 nm CMOS technology. They are designed to drive two Silicon Photonics optical modulators, Mach Zehnder Modulator and Ring Resonator, which have shown high rad-tolerant levels. The high dose level hardness of the drivers has been achieved by adopting the following Radiation Hardening By Design (RHBD) techniques: enhancement of the MOSFETs model to take into account the effects of high radiation dose levels and of single event effects on the devices, avoidance of using P-MOSFETs, increase of the minimum MOSFET lengths for the switching devices, and the use of Enclosed Layout Transistors shape plus some layout precautions. Moreover, to increase the drivers speed, techniques like buffer chain and inductive peaking are used in the drivers' design. The experimental results have verified the matching of the high-speed high-voltage constraint required by the application. The Total Ionization Dose tests have shown, at 800 Mrad (SiO 2 ), a 30% and 25% amplitude reduction of the output signals eye diagrams of the Mach Zehnder Modulator driver and of the Ring Resonator driver, respectively. In the worst case, in which the drivers will be placed within 5 cm from the beamline of the CMS experiment of the upgraded LHC, the heavy ions tests have shown a BER of 5.19e-8.
This work presents a design of a driver in 65 nm TSMC technology for a custom MZM designed to withstand non-ionizing energy losses (NIEL) of up few 1016 n/cm 2 and up to 500 Mrad total ionization ...doses (TID). The design of the driver is optimized for a TID exceeding 500 Mrad, for a target bit rate of 10 Gbps. The driver uses a CML (Current Mode Logic) architecture. A cascode architecture is adopted in the last stage to increase the driving voltage. Two driver designs have been implemented, the largest sizing 347 × 180 μm2 layout area and about 170 mW predicted power consumption at 500 Mrad. The ASIC has been submitted to foundry in May 2018.
Testing silicon photonic Mach–Zehnder modulators versus total ionizing dose Cammarata, Simone; Mattiazzo, Serena; Pantano, Devis ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
September 2024, 2024-09-00, Letnik:
1066
Journal Article
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Silicon photonics is emerging as a key technology for developing radiation-tolerant optical transceivers. In this work, we present the electro-optical characterization of two radiation-hardened ...shallow-etched Mach–Zehnder modulators with different doping configurations when exposed to 1.2 Grad(SiO2) total ionizing dose. The trade-offs between radiation hardness and nominal performance metrics are highlighted to provide insights for optimizing SiPh devices for high-energy physics applications.
This paper presents the design and the experimental characterization of a 10 Gb/s electronic driver for silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs). This driver is able to operate in harsh environments ...characterized by radiation levels up to 1 Grad(SiO 2 ) total ionizing dose (TID). To compensate for the detrimental effects that radiation produces on the target 65 nm bulk silicon technology both device- and circuit-level radiation hardened by design (RHBD) techniques are developed and implemented. Extreme TID levels are faced using long-channel transistors with enclosed layout, avoiding the use of p-MOSFETs, and implementing a differential self-biased cascode architecture with common-mode feedback. Band-widening techniques, e.g., inductive peaking, cross-coupled capacitors, and buffer chaining, have been used to improve the driver's frequency response and reach the targeted data rate. Electrical measurements show 10 Gb/s waveforms with an eye diagram amplitude suitable for MZM driving. Electro-optical measurements performed connecting the electronic driver to a silicon photonic MZM confirm the achievement of a 10 Gb/s system-level operability. The radiation hardness of the driver is verified by exposing the integrated circuit to X-rays. The measurements confirm the ability of the driver to work up to 1 Grad with an eye amplitude reduction of only 10% and a 7% increment in the rise and fall times, validating the effectiveness of the implemented RHBD techniques.
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