Marine fungi of the Baltic Sea Tibell, Sanja; Tibell, Leif; Pang, Ka-Lai ...
International biomechanics,
07/2020, Letnik:
11, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Vast parts of the Baltic Sea have been mycologically neglected and are still awaiting exploration. Here we summarise earlier records of marine fungi from the Baltic, supplementing them with ...discoveries from fieldwork in Sweden in 2019. Although marine fungal diversity is clearly attenuated in the brackish water of the Baltic Sea, a substantial number has still been discovered. Here we list 77 species from the Baltic Sea, whereas after a critical assessment a further 18 species have been excluded as records of marine fungi. The species have mainly been identified by their morphological features, supplemented by DNA-based diagnostics. Most of the species have their main distributions in temperate areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the Baltic species discovered here represent far disjunctions to tropical waters while only a very few are until now only recorded for the Baltic Sea. In this paper two species belong in Basidiomycota, while the most ascomyceteous speciose classes are Sordariomycetes (with 42 species) and Dothideomycetes (24). Halosphaeriaceae is the most speciose family in marine habitats, as also in the Baltic Sea, represented here by 29 species. Three species are new to Europe, and in addition 13 to the Baltic Sea and 13 to Sweden.
Families of Sordariomycetes Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth ...
Fungal diversity,
07/2016, Letnik:
79, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class ...includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, coprophilous and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci, with a maximum five representative taxa from each family, where available. This paper brings together for the first time, since Barrs’
1990
Prodromus, descriptions, notes on the history, and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes. Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera. The family
Obryzaceae
and
Pleurotremataceae
are excluded from the class.
The BIOFIRE SPOTFIRE Respiratory (R) Panel is a novel, in vitro diagnostic PCR assay with 15 pathogen targets. The runtime is about 15 min which is the shortest among similar panels in the market. We ...evaluated the performance of the SPOTFIRE R Panel with 151 specimens, including 133 collected from the upper respiratory tract (URT), 13 from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and 5 external quality assessment program (EQAP) samples. The respiratory specimens were enrolled throughout the first two post-COVID-19 influenza seasons in Hong Kong (March to December 2023). For URT specimens, full concordance was observed between the SPOTFIRE R Panel and the standard-of-care FilmArray Respiratory 2.1
Panel (RP2.1
) for 109 specimens (109/133, 81.95%). After discrepant analysis, the SPOTFIRE R Panel identified more pathogens than the RP2.1
in 15 specimens and vice versa in 3 specimens. The per-target negative and positive percentage agreement (NPA and PPA) were 92.86-100% except the PPA of adenovirus (88.24%). For LRT and EQAP samples, all results were fully concordant. To conclude, the performance of the SPOTFIRE R Panel was comparable to the RP2.1
.
Species of Halophytophthora are early colonisers of fallen mangrove leaves in the tropics but recently found commonly in temperate areas. In mangrove habitats, temperature and salinity change rapidly ...daily (high/low tide) and seasonally (summer/winter, rainy/dry seasons). Mangrove organisms have to develop adaptive strategies to thrive in such a physiologically challenging environment. In this study, growth of three isolates of Halophytophthora avicenniae and two isolates of H. batemanensis was tested under combined effects of 3 temperatures (15°C, 25°C, 37°C), 3 pHs (6, 7, 8) and 4 salinities (4 ‰, 8 ‰, 16 ‰, 32 ‰). No/little growth was observed at 37°C and growth saturation occurred earlier at 25°C than at 15°C. The log phase of growth was steeper at pH 6 than pH 7 and 8. Temperature and pH were found to exert a greater effect on growth than salinity. Generally, a reduction of growth rate was observed at pH 8 and 15°C. Increase in salinity caused a slight decrease in growth, most noticeable at 32 ‰. The wide growth ranges of temperature, salinity and pH of Halophytophthora isolates suggest that they are well adapted to the physical and chemical conditions of mangrove habitats.
Planktonic Marine Fungi: A Review Peng, Xuefeng; Amend, Anthony S.; Baltar, Federico ...
Journal of geophysical research. Biogeosciences,
March 2024, 2024-03-00, 20240301, Letnik:
129, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fungi in marine ecosystems play crucial roles as saprotrophs, parasites, and pathogens. The definition of marine fungi has evolved over the past century. Currently, “marine fungi” are defined as any ...fungi recovered repeatedly from marine habitats that are able to grow and/or sporulate in marine environments, form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, adapt and evolve at the genetic level, or are active metabolically in marine environments. While there are a number of recent reviews synthesizing our knowledge derived from over a century of research on marine fungi, this review article focuses on the state of knowledge on planktonic marine fungi from the coastal and open ocean, defined as fungi that are in suspension or attached to particles, substrates or in association with hosts in the pelagic zone of the ocean, and their roles in remineralization of organic matter and major biogeochemical cycles. This review differs from previous ones by focusing on biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi and methodological considerations for investigating their diversity and ecological functions. Importantly, we point out gaps in our knowledge and the potential methodological biases that might have contributed to these gaps. Finally, we highlight recommendations that will facilitate future studies of marine fungi. This article first provides a brief overview of the diversity of planktonic marine fungi, followed by a discussion of the biogeochemical impacts of planktonic marine fungi, and a wide range of methods that can be used to study marine fungi.
Plain Language Summary
Fungi are an important yet often overlooked member of marine food webs, especially in the water column. This review highlights the important ecological roles fungi play in the ocean water column, such as the recycling of dead organic matter and acting as parasites of microalgae in the ocean. We provide a summary of state‐of‐the‐art methods for studying planktonic marine fungi and making discoveries in the future.
Key Points
Planktonic marine fungi play key roles in the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and metals in the ocean
There is a large potential for discovering novel lineages and functions of planktonic marine fungi, particularly in the open ocean
The ecological roles of planktonic marine fungi should be studied by combining multi‐omics and biochemical tools
Summary
Polyketides are important secondary metabolites, many of which exhibit potent pharmacological applications. Biosynthesis of polyketides is carried out by a single polyketide synthase (PKS) or ...multiple PKSs in successive elongations of enzyme‐bound intermediates related to fatty acid biosynthesis. The polyketide gene PKS306 from Pseudallescheria boydii NTOU2362 containing domains of ketosynthase (KS), acyltransferase (AT), dehydratase (DH), acyl carrier protein (ACP) and methyltransferase (MT) was cloned in an attempt to produce novel chemical compounds, and this PKS harbouring green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although fluorescence of GFP and fusion protein analysed by anti‐GFP antibody were observed, no novel compound was detected. 6‐methylsalicylic acid synthase (6MSAS) was then used as a template and engineered with PKS306 by combinatorial fusion. The chimeric PKS containing domains of KS, AT, DH and ketoreductase (KR) from 6MSAS with ACP and MT from PKS306 demonstrated biosynthesis of a novel compound. The compound was identified with a deduced chemical formula of C7H10O3, and the chemical structure was named as 2‐hydroxy‐2‐(propan‐2‐yl) cyclobutane‐1,3‐dione. The novel compound synthesized by the chimeric PKS in this study demonstrates the feasibility of combinatorial fusion of PKS genes to produce novel polyketides.
Polyketide synthases contain various functional domains and ACP to biosynthesize remarkable polyketides that show diverse chemical structure. By combinatorial fusion of ACP and MT domains, 6MSAS can biosynthesize the novel compound, demonstrating that the unusual chemical structure may be generated by well‐known enzyme domains and their prominent biosynthetic pathway may remain unexplored. Moreover, chimeric PKS containing ACP and MT can alter biosynthetic logics to produce the novel compound.
Biofouling is a widespread phenomenon in oceans worldwide. With increasing human development and activities in open and coastal waters, and due to the environmental impact of AF organotins and ...copper-based paint, the demand for nontoxic antifouling (AF) paints is increasing. Various bioassays for antimicrobial activity, anti-biofilm formation and anti-barnacle settlement were established to evaluate the possibility of using marine natural products as AF agents. A series of natural products, isolated from the marine-derived fungi Trichoderma atroviride and T. reesei, were evaluated for their AF activity. One pyrone-type compound (1) demonstrated significant inhibitory activities toward barnacle cyprid settlement. Furthermore, a series of pyrone analogues (S1-S6) were synthesized, and their bioactivities were evaluated in the established systems. The results showed that compounds S5 and S6 exhibited a broad spectrum of bioactivities, such as anti-barnacle settlement, anti-biofilm formation and antimicrobial activities.
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