This paper investigates potential uses of a novel direct driven electro-hydraulic systems for articulated forestry tractors (skidders), due to these systems having notably higher energy efficiencies ...compared to classical electro-hydraulic systems that are currently being used in skidders for steering, lifting the front and the rear plate, as well as for operating the double-drum winch. A detailed analysis of the skidder rear plate mechanism is carried out, and static force profiles of hydraulic cylinders are obtained for the rear plate based on mechanism dynamics and measurement data from the literature. Thus, obtained results have been used to emulate the real-life force profiles in laboratory experiments featuring both the classical and the proposed direct driven hydraulic systems for the purpose of comparative analysis of their energy and fuel efficiency. These results are subsequently used to estimate the skidder fuel consumption and possible fuel savings over the entire vehicle life span for the realistic vehicle utilisation scenario. The main result is that fuel consumption can be reduced up to five times in the case of direct driven hydraulic system, thus effectively resulting in return of investment period of about four years in the case of skidder being retrofitted with direct driven hydraulic system.
This paper presents a single-step automatic tuning procedure and an estimator of key parameters of the drill-string system used in deep drilling applications. It is aimed at precise tuning of an ...external vibration suppression system based on speed control loop of the drilling electrical drive tuned for “stiff” motor-side speed control (the so-called speed source behavior), and the external drill-string torque feedback used for torsional vibration active damping. The automatic tuning procedure is carried out for the case when the drill-string and drill-bit are hoisted from the bottom of the well and the drilling electrical drive briefly enters the limit cycle oscillatory behavior under stiff speed control. The proposed auto-tuning system features a suitable control-oriented process model of the torsional oscillator and a modified-mixer phase detector phase locked-loop equipped with adaptive second-order generalized integrator (band-pass filter) for the extraction of key features of the drive resonance mode. The overall control system design relies on the so-called damping optimum criterion which guarantees a desired level of closed-loop system damping. The functionality of the proposed adaptive control system with automatic tuning of the control strategy has been systematically verified by means of comprehensive simulations, and the effectiveness of the drill-string parameter estimator has also been confirmed using the previously recorded field data to illustrate its robustness in the presence of realistic measurement noise.
The paper presents a hypothetical conversion of a conventional cable skidder powertrain to its hybrid version. Simulations of skidder operation were made for two existing forest paths, based on the ...technical characteristics of the engine, transmission system and the characteristics of the winch. Fuel and time consumption were calculated per working cycle considering the operating conditions (slope, load mass). The model was then converted to a hybrid version by adding a battery energy storage system in parallel with the electrical power generator and by employing an energy management control strategy. The dimensions of the battery and the power generator were chosen based on the characteristics of the existing winch with the aim of completely taking over its operation. The management strategy was selected using the specific fuel consumption map. All simulations were repeated for the hybrid drive under the same operating conditions. The results show that fuel savings of around 13% can be achieved with the selected hybrid drive and steering strategy.
This article presents a review of cutting-edge technologies poised to shape the future of railway transportation systems, focusing on enhancing their intelligence, safety, and environmental ...sustainability. It illustrates key aspects of the energy-transport-information/communication system nexus as a framework for future railway systems development. Initially, we provide a review of the existing challenges within the realm of railway transportation. Subsequently, we delve into the realm of emerging propulsion technologies, which are pivotal for ensuring the sustainability of transportation. These include innovative solutions such as alternative fuel-based systems, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage technologies geared towards harnessing kinetic energy and facilitating power transfer. In the following section, we turn our attention to emerging information and telecommunication systems, including Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth generation New Radio (5G NR) networks tailored for railway applications. Additionally, we delve into the integral role played by the Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial IoT) in this evolving landscape. Concluding our analysis, we examine the integration of information and communication technologies and remote sensor networks within the context of Industry 4.0. This leveraging of information pertaining to transportation infrastructure promises to bolster energy efficiency, safety, and resilience in the transportation ecosystem. Furthermore, we examine the significance of the smart grid in the realm of railway transport, along with the indispensable resources required to bring forth the vision of energy-smart railways.
This contribution outlines the design of electric vehicle direct-current (DC) bus control system supplied by a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system, and its coordination with the fully ...electrified vehicle driveline control system. The control strategy features an upper-level DC bus voltage feedback controller and a direct load compensator for stiff tracking of variable (speed-dependent) voltage target. The inner control level, comprising dedicated battery and ultracapacitor current controllers, is commanded by an intermediate-level control scheme which dynamically distributes the upper-level current command between the ultracapacitor and the battery energy storage systems. The feedback control system is designed and analytical expressions for feedback controller parameters are obtained by using the damping optimum criterion. The proposed methodology is verified by means of simulations and experimentally for different realistic operating regimes, including electric vehicle DC bus load step change, hybrid energy storage system charging/discharging, and electric vehicle driveline subject to New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), Urban Driving Dynamometer Schedule (UDDS), New York Certification Cycle (NYCC) and California Unified Cycle (LA92), as well as for abrupt acceleration/deceleration regimes.
Fault diagnosis is considered as an essential task in rotary machinery as possibility of an early detection and diagnosis of the faulty condition can save both time and money. This work presents ...developed and novel technique for deep-learning-based data-driven fault diagnosis for rotary machinery. The proposed technique input raw three axes accelerometer signal as high definition 1D image into deep learning layers which automatically extract signal features, enabling high classification accuracy. Unlike the researches carried out by other researchers, accelerometer data matrix with dimensions 6400 × 1 × 3 is used as input for convolutional neural network training. Since convolutional neural networks can recognize patterns across input matrix, it is expected that wide input matrix containing vibration data should yield good classification performance. Using convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained model, classification in one of the four classes can be performed. Additionally, number of kernels of CNN is optimized using grid search, as preliminary studies show that alternating number of kernels impacts classification results. This study accomplished the effective classification of different rotary machinery states using convolutional artificial neural network for classification of raw three axis accelerometer signal input.
Hybrid powertrain presents a viable solution for reducing fuel consumption through powertrain electrification while simultaneously being independent from the electric grid or a charging station. Due ...to the fact that articulated forestry tractors (skidders) belong to the class of forestry machinery which is intended for field use, this operating independence is of high importance. A simple backward-looking model of a series hybrid powertrain skidder is developed and presented in this paper. The model is then optimized over a number of previously-defined operating missions which include realistic track slopes and variable loads. The results are compared with the results of conventional and parallel hybrid powertrains proposed in previous works. Optimization results show that total fuel consumption obtainable with the proposed series configuration over the parallel one is slightly higher (the total efficiency of series structure is slightly lower) when compared to the parallel structure. Therefore parallel configuration can be considered as optimal soulution.
This paper presents a control system design methodology for the drill-string rotary drive and draw-works hoist system aimed at mature drilling rig retrofitting. The rotary drive is equipped with an ...active damping speed control system featuring a proportional-integral speed controller readily available within modern controlled electrical drives, extended with drill-string back-spinning prevention scheme for the case of stuck tool. The draw-works hoist system features a tool normal force (Weight-on-Bit) controller with tool longitudinal speed (Rate-of-Penetration) limiting functionality. The design of proposed control systems has been based on suitable control-oriented process models and damping optimum criterion which guarantees a desired level of closed-loop system damping. The proposed drilling control systems have been verified on a downscaled laboratory experimental setup, which represents a necessary pre-requirement before these systems are tested in the field.
This paper presents a hypothetical conversion of a conventional heavy haul diesel-electric locomotive to its hybrid counterpart by incorporating a battery energy storage system. Starting from the ...basic parameters of a 1.6 MW diesel-electric locomotive currently found in the national railway company locomotive fleet, the quasi-static model of the locomotive is derived and validated. The conventional locomotive model is then converted to its hybrid counterpart by adding a battery energy storage system in parallel to the generator and equipping it with an adequate optimized energy management control strategy. The hybrid locomotive powertrain components are also appropriately re-sized in order to meet comparable traction force and power performance. Both the conventional and hybridized locomotive models are then used for the purpose of comparative analysis of main vehicle characteristics for the mountainous railway route driving scenario, which includes realistic slope and speed limitations. The obtained simulation results are used to gain insights about the possible advantages of the proposed conversion/drivetrain hybridization in terms of feasible reduction of fuel consumption and related CO2 emissions, while also considering additional hybridization costs and return-of-investment period.
•Backward-looking models of diesel-electric and hybrid locomotive are developed.•Battery is properly sized according to the braking energy potential.•Optimized energy management strategy has been proposed.•Hybrid locomotive can achieve fuel cost savings up to 16.5%.•Hybridization investment costs would be compensated three times.
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