Ustno izražanje v tujem jeziku velja za najtežje obvladljivo sporazumevalno zmožnost, zato smo raziskali tipologijo in številčnost nalog v učbenikih, ki se v slovenskem srednješolskem prostoru ...uporabljajo za poučevanje španščine. Primerjali smo učbenike osnovane na dveh različicah komunikacijskega pristopa in različnih ravneh, izhajajoč iz tipološko raznolikih nalog. V analizi smo poleg količine in tipologije nalog opazovali tudi stopnjo vodenosti posameznih nalog. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da ne prihaja do pomembnejših razlik glede na izbrani pristop, temveč glede na raven, in sicer pri nalogah, ki niso vodene, in pri delno vodenih nalogah.
Aktivno vključevanje učencev v učni proces in razvijanje ustnega izražanja sta značilnosti, ki prepletata vse analizirane učbenike, razlike (ki učiteljem nudijo možnost, da za svojo ciljno skupino in svoj slog poučevanja izberejo ustrezen učbenik) pa se nahajajo v deležu nalog ustnega izražanja, prevladujočih tipih nalog in dinamikah, ki so za uspešno izvedbo nalog potrebne. Prav raznolikost v tipologiji pri učencih spodbuja (ustno) jezikovno produkcijo.
Spodbujanje samostojne govorne produkcije učencev je prisotno že od začetne ravni in v obeh pristopih, saj je delež nalog, ki omogočajo le reprodukcijo, relativno majhen. V učbenikih so precej bolj poudarjeni dialog, komentarji, pogovori, skratka razvijanje samostojnih govorcev, opremljenih s strategijami in orodji za učinkovito, tekoče in natančno ustno izražanje.
Vsi analizirani učbeniki omogočajo ustrezno razvijanje govorne produkcije v španščini, saj (v primerjavi s številom nalog za druge jezikovne spretnosti) nudijo uravnotežen in tipološko raznovrsten nabor nalog.
NANOG is an important stem cell transcription factor involved in human development and cancerogenesis. Its expression is complex and regulated on different levels. Moreover, NANOG protein might ...regulate hundreds of target genes at the same time. NANOG is crucial for preimplantation development phase and progressively decreases during embryonic stem cells differentiation, thus regulating embryonic and fetal development. Postnatally, NANOG is undetectable or expressed in very low amounts in the majority of human tissues. NANOG re-expression can be detected during cancerogenesis, already in precancerous lesions, with increasing levels of NANOG in high grade dysplasia. NANOG is believed to enable cancer cells to obtain stem-cell like properties, which are believed to be the source of expanding growth, tumor maintenance, metastasis formation, and tumor relapse. High NANOG expression in cancer is frequently associated with advanced stage, poor differentiation, worse overall survival, and resistance to treatment, and is therefore a promising prognostic and predictive marker. We summarize the current knowledge on the role of NANOG in cancerogenesis and development, including our own experience. We provide a critical overview of NANOG as a prognostic and diagnostic factor, including problems regarding its regulation and detection.
Impact statement
NANOG has emerged as a key stem cell transcription factor in normal development and cancerogenesis. It is generally regarded as a good prognostic and predictive factor in various human cancers. It is less known that it is expressed already at precancerous stages in various organs, suggesting that finally an ideal candidate diagnostic marker has been discovered, enabling to distinguish between true dysplasia and reactive atypia. NANOG regulation is complex, and new insights into our understanding of its regulation might provide important information for future development in a broad field of two entirely different processes, i.e. normal development and cancerogenesis, showing how a physiologic mechanism can be used and abused, transforming itself into a key mechanism of disease development and progression.
There is emerging evidence suggesting that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) play an important role in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), but their exact ...role remains controversial. Our aim was to analyze the miR-200 family as EMT markers and their target genes expression at invasive tumor front and in nodal and liver metastases. Sixty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 19 patients with CRC were included. Using a micropuncture technique, tissue was obtained from central part and invasive front of the primary tumor, and nodal and liver metastases. Expression of the
miR-200
family and their target genes
CDKN1B, ONECUT2, PTPN13, RND3, SOX2, TGFB2
and
ZEB2
was analyzed using real-time PCR. We found
miR-200
family down-regulation at invasive front compared to central part, and up-regulation of
miRNA-200a/b/c
and
miR-429
in metastases compared to invasive front. At invasive front,
TGFB2
was the only gene with inverse expression to the miR-200 family, whereas in metastases inverse expression was found for
ONECUT2
and
SOX2. CDKN1B, PTPN13
and
ZEB2
were down-regulated at invasive front and up-regulated in metastases. Our results suggest the involvement of partial EMT at invasive tumor front, and partial MET in metastases in CRC, based on miR-200 family and its target genes expression.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis, influencing cancer progression, metastases, stemness, immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic ...resistance. EMT in most carcinomas, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC), is only partial, and can be evidenced by identification of the underlying molecular drivers and their regulatory molecules. During EMT, cellular reprogramming is orchestrated by core EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs), namely
,
,
(
) and
(
). While microRNAs have been clearly defined as regulators of EMT, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in EMT is poorly defined and controversial. Determining the role of lncRNAs in EMT remains a challenge, because they are involved in a number of cellular pathways and are operating through various mechanisms. Adding to the complexity, some lncRNAs have controversial functions across different tumor types, acting as EMT promotors in some tumors and as EMT suppressors in others. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of lncRNAs involved in the regulation of EMT-TFs in human CRC. Additional candidate lncRNAs were identified through a bioinformatics analysis.
The aim of this study was to determine the advantages and limitations of two commonly used sampling techniques, i.e., punching tissue block (PTB) and laser capture microdissection (LCM) when ...investigating tumor cell-derived gene expression patterns at the invasive front of colorectal cancer (CRC). We obtained samples from 20 surgically removed CRCs at locations crucial for tumor progression, i.e., the central part, the expansive front and the infiltrative front exhibiting tumor budding (TB), using both sampling techniques. At each location, we separately analyzed the expressions of miR-200 family (miR-141, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c and miR-429), known as reliable markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We found significant downregulation of all members of miR-200 family at the infiltrative front in comparison to the central part regardless of the used sampling technique. However, when comparing miR-200 expression between the expansive and the infiltrative front, we found significant downregulation of all tested miR-200 at the infiltrative front only in samples obtained by LCM. Our results suggest that, PTB is an adequate technique for studying the differences in tumor gene expression between the central part and the invasive front of CRC, but is insufficient to analyze and compare morphologically distinct patterns along the invasive front including TB. For this purpose, the use of LCM is essential.
Esta investigación se centra en la ansiedad en la producción oral en estudiantes multilingües de español como lengua extranjera o segunda (LE/L2). En el estudio se comparó la ansiedad según el nivel ...de competencia de español (A1-C1), teniendo en cuenta la etapa educativa: 178 estudiantes de secundaria y 71 de universidad y el género. Asimismo, a partir de la escala de ansiedad general FLCAS, se compararon los cuatro componentes de ansiedad: (1) ansiedad comunicativa, (2) ansiedad ante los exámenes, (3) actitudes negativas hacia el aprendizaje y (4) ansiedad ante los procesos y situaciones de aprendizaje del aula. Los resultados indicaron mayor ansiedad en los niveles de competencia bajos (A1-B1). En concordancia con investigaciones anteriores, se sugiere que el multilingüismo puede conducir a menor ansiedad en los procesos de adquisición de una lengua, mientras que el género no parece influir en el nivel de ansiedad. La comparación entre los cuatro componentes de ansiedad sugiere que los estudiantes de secundaria muestran mayor ansiedad comunicativa y se sienten más ansiosos ante los exámenes, mientras que las actitudes negativas hacia el aprendizaje y la ansiedad en los procesos y situaciones de aprendizaje en el aula no mostraron diferencias relevantes según el nivel de competencia en la L2 y la etapa educativa (secundaria y universidad).
Objective: Colorectal cancer surgery is often followed by postoperative complications which may impact survival. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and DM related comorbidities may initiate difficulties during ...cancer specific treatment and may have an impact on cancer management and outcome. The aim of our study was to find out if DM in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma is associated with cancer-specific and overall survival.
Material and Methods: This study included 200 consecutive patients (131 males, 69 females, mean age 63 years) with elective colorectal cancer surgery at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana from September 2010 to March 2013. Even 64% of patients had Stage 3 or 4 disease, so neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were carried out in 59% of cases. DM was found in 39 (19.5%) patients. Data about gender, age, body mass index, presence of DM, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score, stage of disease and postoperative complications were collected prospectively. Univariate survival analysis was used to identify factors correlated with disease-specific and overall survival.
Results: Patients with DM had higher ASA score and BMI than those without DM. Rectum, colon and both of them were affected by cancer in 68%, 30% and 2% of cases, respectively. Stage 3 or 4 disease was found in patients with DM and without DM in 62% and 65%, respectively. Mean follow-up period was 4.75 years. Recurrence was diagnosed in 23% of patients with DM and in 25% of patients without DM. Altogether 41 patients died of cancer and 12 patients of other causes. Three-year cancer-specific survival in patients with DM and without DM was 85% and 89%, respectively (p=0.68). Three-year overall survival in patients with DM and without DM was 82% and 84%, respectively (p=0.63).
Conclusions: Presence of DM was not associated with tumor stage, disease-specific survival or overall survival in our group of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma.
Disclosure
N. Satej: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi, AstraZeneca. N. Besic: Speaker's Bureau; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk Inc., AstraZeneca, Sanofi. A. Pavlic: None. M. Kerin Povsic: None.
PDF
