In the present study, we calibrated and validated thermal models to predict the DOY date at which the grape maturity index, potential alcohol/total acidity (PA/TA), reaches 0.75 (MS0.75), 1.0 (MS1), ...1.5 (MS1.5), and 2.0 (MS2) for two grapevine Portuguese varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN) and Encruzado (EN), growing in the Dão wine region, Portugal. Daily rates of forcing calculated with the Sigmoid (SM) function and the Degree Day (DD) function were used. The outcomes show that the best performance of the models was obtained for the heat accumulation starting at flowering (tx = EL23). The analysis of model sensitivity to changes in forcing rate coefficients (T0, e, and d) enabled the selection of the same models for all maturity stage of each variety. The selected models revealed significant predictability, though dependent on the grape maturity stage and variety (EFF > 0.81 for TN and EFF > 0.75 for EN). The non-linear regression analyses of sugar concentration (SC) and total acidity (TA) with heat accumulation, calculated using the select models, demonstrated that a high fraction of SC and TA variance was explained by the variation of these temperature-based indices. Comparatively to SC and TA, the results highlight that the thermal conditions accumulated from flowering had a lower influence on pH juice variance.
Since the last decade of the last century, it is known that many old grapevine varieties are descendants of other varieties through natural crossing. Portugal has an important program for the ...conservation of representative samples of intra-varietal variability of all autochthonous varieties, managed by the Portuguese Association for Grapevine Diversity (PORVID), which makes looking for genotypes with dubious identification an important activity from a perspective of its valorisation. This communication presents the results of the molecular analysis of 5,000 samples (accessions) from the PORVID’s collection, using nine microsatellite
loci
currently recommended by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) for genetic grapevine identification. The results obtained confirmed the molecular identity of 4,220 samples corresponding to 214 varieties present in the official list of Portuguese varieties. In 780 samples, 95 profiles with a plural number of accessions revealed not to be listed in the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) database, corresponding to possible varieties either descendent from natural crossing from at least one known parental variety, or from undetermined origin. Furthermore, the need for a comprehensive strategy aimed at uncovering other hidden varieties is discussed to prevent their imminent loss, deepen understanding of their origin, and add economic value and sustainability to the vine and wine sector.
The present study is devoted to climate change impact assessment on the phenological development and ripening of cv. Touriga Nacional in the Dão Wine Region, Portugal. For this purpose, the dates of ...the three main phenological stages (budbreak, flowering and veraison) and two maturity stages are projected for two future periods (2041–2070 and 2071–2100), under two anthropogenic radiative forcing scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and compared against a baseline period (1991–2020). The phenological and maturity stages are simulated using phenological development models (PDMs) and a temperature‐based ripeness model (TRM), respectively. An overall advancement in both phenology and ripening stages are identified under future warmer climates, though site‐dependent. Furthermore, the advancements in phenology are more pronounced (a) for stages between the beginning of veraison and end of ripening than for the earlier stages, (b) for the long‐term future period (2071–2100) under RCP8.5 and (c) for the vineyard site “Viseu.” These changes are due to the combination of budbreak advancement with a shortening of some phenophases. The strongest shortening is found in the ripening period, while no significant changes in flowering timings and duration of the berry development period are projected. The advancement and the shortening of the grapevine growing season will shift ripening to the warmest part of the year. This twofold climate change impact of the air temperature on ripening may affect the sugar and organic acid balance, as well as the colour of the must. The current findings can be used by the regional winemaking sector in planning and implementing suitable climate change adaptation to enhance its climate resiliency and sustainability. Subsequent studies for this wine region should be carried out to assess the climate change impacts on late frost risk, on climatic viticultural zoning, on yield and berry quality at harvest.
The present study is devoted to climate change impact assessment on the phenological development and ripening of cv. Touriga Nacional in the Dão Wine Region, Portugal. An overall advancement in both phenology and ripening stages are identified under future warmer climates, though site‐dependent. These changes are due to the combination of budbreak advancement with a shortening of some phenophases. The advancement and the shortening of the grapevine growing season will shift ripening to the warmest part of the year. This twofold climate change impact of the air temperature during ripening may affect the sugar and organic acid balance, as well as the colour of the must.
Scarce studies have been published reporting field measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from vineyards, particularly for European conditions. The aim this study was to assess the effect of ...conventional tillage and no-tillage cover crops on direct N2O emission factor from vineyards (Vitis vinifera L.) in Portugal. A two-year field study was carried out in central Portugal (Nelas, Portugal). The experiment was established in a mature non-irrigated vineyard. The following four treatments with three replications were considered: soil tillage of the inter-row (Till), treatment Till followed by application of mineral fertiliser (50 kg N ha−1) (Till + N), permanent resident vegetation in the inter-row (NoTill), and treatment No-Till followed by application of mineral fertiliser (50 kg N ha−1) (NoTill + N). The carbon dioxide (CO2) and N2O fluxes were measured by the closed chamber technique and analyzed by gas chromatography during two consecutive growing seasons (March-September of 2015 and 2016) of the grapevine crop. The results showed that the average direct N2O EF for vineyards managed with conventional soil tillage in the inter-row was 0.57 ± 0.12% of N input and cover cropping by permanent resident vegetation in the inter-row reduces N2O emission in 60% (0.23 ± 0.29% of N input). Thus, the vineyard cover cropping was recommended as mitigation measure in order to reduce N2O emissions. The defaults direct N2O EF currently recommended by IPCC was not appropriated for vineyards and N2O emissions are currently potentially overestimated in the Portuguese inventory.
•The default direct N2O emission factor for Mediterranean vineyards was assessed.•The direct N2O emission factor for vineyards under tillage was 0.57% of N input.•The direct N2O emission factor for vineyard cover cropping was 0.23% of N input.•Cover cropping reduces N2O emission in 60% relative to conventional tillage.
Pretendeu-se com este trabalho fazer uma revisão da literatura relativa à Inclusão em Contexto Escolar, apresentando uma reflexão relativa ao facto de que em que medida, o novo Decreto-Lei que ...estabelece o Regime Jurídico da Educação Inclusiva em Portugal, o Decreto-Lei nº54/2018, promove as práticas da Educação Inclusiva.Porém, e tendo em conta a presente conjuntura de Pandemia de SARS-COV-2 COVID-19 em que nos encontramos, acresceu à nossa reflexão a questão de como aplicar, em contexto educativo, estratégias inclusivas ajustadas aos tempos de pandemia, promotoras de uma escola inclusiva, na realidade Portuguesa.Deste modo, procedeu-se a uma revisão de literatura subordinada aos temas (Inclusão, Educação Inclusiva, Covid-19, Pandemia), tendo em conta a informação produzida a partir de 2015 e informação de 2020 relativa à COVID-19, havendo, porém, alguns documentos que pela sua importância e conteúdo ainda atual têm data anterior. Realizou-se uma análise das conclusões a que os diversos autores chegaram, o que permitiu colocar em evidência as características, dimensões e estratégias relativas à Inclusão em Contexto Educativo, bem como evidenciar o impacto da Pandemia em geral e da COVID-19 em particular ao nível das práticas em contexto escolar, focando-se na realidade Portuguesa, identificando os procedimentos que procuraram manter as práticas inclusivas.As conclusões permitiram observar, por um lado, que o Decreto-Lei nº54/2018 apresenta uma boa base de sustentação teórica, preconizando uma política inclusiva, pois enquadra-se nos objetivos e estratégias a adotar para uma escola inclusiva preconizados pelos diversos acordos/declarações globais e pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, ODS4 – Educação de Qualidade (ONU, ODS4 da Agenda 2030). Por outro, ao nível das práticas, ainda há que investir na formação dos professores por forma a dotá-los de estratégias pedagógicas que contemplem esta nova abordagem, reduzir a burocracia inerente à implementação das medidas preconizadas no Decreto-Lei, incrementar a interação da Escola com as Famílias e a Comunidade bem como o envolvimento dos alunos no seu percurso educativo e proceder às alterações físicas das estruturas dos equipamentos escolares, por forma a que, por exemplo, um cadeirante possa ter acesso a toda a escola.Por fim, ao nível das práticas inclusivas em tempos de pandemia, e dentro das dimensões consideradas importantes para a Inclusão (participação, sucesso e presença), alunos e suas famílias e pessoal docente e não docente ficaram limitados nas suas ações, em virtude dos constrangimentos provocados pela mesma.
In this work we describe the preparation, spectroscopic, thermal and structural characterization, and cryomagnetic investigation of four new polymorphic derivatives of the M2(H2mpba)32– mesocate of ...formulas {K2(dmf)2(H2O)2M2(H2mpba)3·2H2O} n (M = Co (1), Ni (2)) and M(tppz)2M2(H2mpba)3·9H2O (M = Co (3), Ni (4)) (H4mpba = 1,3-phenylenebis(oxamic) acid), tppz = 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). Pairs 1/2 and 3/4 are isomorphous compounds exhibiting a triple-stranded dinuclear motif, M2(H2mpba)32–. 1 and 2 exhibit a three-dimensional network with M2(H2mpba)32– mesocates interlinked by potassium(I) ions. 3 and 4 present a brick and mortar network, where the “brick” is M2(H2mpba)32– + M(tppz)22+ and the “mortar” refers to water molecules, where the electroneutrality of the motif is achieved by the M(tppz)22+ cationic complex. The dc magnetic data for 1–4 in the temperature range 1.9–300 K reveal the occurrence of magnetically isolated high-spin cobalt(II) of the mesocate units in 1 and 3 plus a thermally induced spin crossover behavior of the Co(tppz)22+ unit in 3, whereas 2 and 4 exhibit Curie law behavior. Out-of-phase ac signals are observed for 1 and 3 at temperatures below 14 K under zero and nonzero applied dc fields, which are characteristic of the occurrence of slow magnetic relaxation in these systems, thus being new examples of single-molecule magnets (SMMs).
Several species of Orius Wolff are used in biological control of thrips in protected cultivations in temperate regions, but some of them show reproductive diapause, compromising the efficiency of ...these agents of biological control. There are no reports on the biology of the neotropical species Orius thyestes Herring under different environmental conditions. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of photoperiod on reproduction and longevity of this predator. Nymphs were kept in petri dishes in climatic chambers at 28 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and under the photoperiods of 12L:12D, 11L:13D, 10L:14D e 09L:15D. The mating adults were kept in petri dishes with Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae inflorescences as oviposition substracts and eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as food. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity and longevity were evaluated and O. thyestes did not show reprodutive diapause in all photoperiod conditions established. The mean number of eggs obtained per female decreased with the reduction of the photophase, with a difference (P < 0.05) between the values obtained in 12h and 9h of photophase. Longevity of females and males under 9h photophase was shorter (P < 0.05) than in all other photoperiods tested. The knowledge of the biology of the natural enemy under different conditions allows to optimise the mass rearing and to predict the performance of the predator in different photoperiods which may occur along the year and in greenhouses.
Várias espécies de Orius Wolff são utilizadas no controle biológico de tripes em cultivos protegidos em regiões temperadas, entretanto algumas delas apresentam diapausa reprodutiva, comprometendo a atuação desses agentes de controle biológico. Não existem relatos sobre a biologia da espécie neotropical Orius thyestes Herring em diferentes condições ambientais. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência do fotoperíodo na reprodução e longevidade desse predador. Ninfas foram individualizadas em placas de Petri e mantidas em câmaras climatizadas a 28 ± 1°C, UR de 70 ± 10% e nos fotoperíodos de 12L:12E, 11L:13E, 10L:14E e 09L:15E. Os adultos foram acasalados em placas de Petri contendo inflorescência de Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae como substrato de oviposição e ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) como alimento. Foram avaliados os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição, fecundidade e longevidade de fêmeas e machos. Em nenhuma das condições de fotoperíodos avaliadas O. thyestes apresentou diapausa reprodutiva. O número médio de ovos por fêmea diminuiu proporcionalmente ao número de horas de luz, com diferença (P < 0,05) entre os valores obtidos em 12h e 9h de luz. A longevidade de fêmeas e machos do predador sob fotofase de 9h foi menor (P < 0,05) que as longevidades observadas nos demais fotoperíodos testados. O conhecimento sobre a biologia do inimigo natural em diferentes condições permite otimizar a criação massal e prever o desempenho do predador em diferentes fotoperíodos que podem ocorrer ao longo do ano e no interior das casas de vegetação.
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