Tamoxifen for breast cancer Karn, A; Jha, A K; Shrestha, S ...
Journal of Nepal Medical Association,
01/2010, Letnik:
49, Številka:
177
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Breast cancer is one of the common cancers. Hormonal therapy along with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy are vital modalities for the management of breast cancer. Tamoxifen ...has been the most widely used hormonal therapy for more than two decades. In this article we review the benefits, dose, duration and timing of Tamoxifen therapy in patients with breast cancer.
This article presents an analysis and the resulting limits on light dark matter inelastically scattering off of electrons, and on dark photon and axionlike particle absorption, using a ...second-generation SuperCDMS high-voltage eV-resolution detector. The 0.93 g Si detector achieved a 3 eV phonon energy resolution; for a detector bias of 100 V, this corresponds to a charge resolution of 3% of a single electron-hole pair. The energy spectrum is reported from a blind analysis with 1.2 g-days of exposure acquired in an above-ground laboratory. With charge carrier trapping and impact ionization effects incorporated into the dark matter signal models, the dark matter-electron cross section σe is constrained for dark matter masses from 0.5 to 104 MeV / c2; in the mass range from 1.2 to 50 eV / c2 the dark photon kinetic mixing parameter ϵ and the axioelectric coupling constant gae are constrained. The minimum 90% confidence-level upper limits within the above-mentioned mass ranges are σe = 8.7 × 10−34 cm2, ϵ = 3.3 × 10−14, and gae = 1.0 × 10−9.
The combined effects of the in ovo injection of commercial Marek's Disease vaccine (MDV) and various levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) on the hatch variables, immunological measurements, and ...gene expression of Ross 708 hatchling broilers were investigated. A total of 5 in ovo injection treatments that were applied at 18 days of incubation (doi) included: 1) non-injected (control); or a 50 μL solution volume of 2) MDV alone; or MDV combined with 3) 0.6 μg of 25OHD3; 4) 1.2 μg of 25OHD3; or 5) 2.4 μg of 25OHD3. At hatch, hatchability of set and live embryonated eggs, hatchling body weight, hatch residue analysis, serum IgY and IgG concentrations, and the expression of genes related to immunity (INFα, INFβ, INFγ, TLR-3, and TLR-21) and vitamin D3 activity (1 α-hydroxylase, 24 hydroxylase, and vitamin D receptor) were determined. No significant treatment differences were observed for hatchability of set and live embryonated eggs, or for serum IgY and IgG concentrations. However, hatchling body weight was higher when MDV was combined with either 1.2 or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 than when MDV was provided alone or in combination with 0.6 μg of 25OHD3. Also, in comparison to the non-injected treatment group, the expression of the genes for 1 α-hydroxylase and 24 hydroxylase was improved when MDV was combined with either 1.2 or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3. Lastly, expression of the genes linked to viral detection (TLR-3) and antibody production (INF-β) was increased in those treatments that contained any level of 25OHD3. These results indicate that in comparison to controls, the effects of MDV were observed to be greater on hatchling BW and splenic gene expression when it was administered in combination with the 1.2 or 2.4 μg doses of 25OHD3. Further research is needed to determine the post-hatch effects of the administration of various levels of 25OHD3 in combination with MDV.
Background Lifestyle is an important factor to individual's health and quality of life. Although, the emergence of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has forced billions of people to change their ...lifestyle overnight. Objective To identify health promoting lifestyle during COVID-19 pandemic among the residents of Gandaki Province, Nepal. Method Descriptive cross sectional web based study was conducted among 386 respondents from Gandaki Province. Adults from 18 years and above, who could fill the form online were included using purposive and snowball sampling technique. Data were collected using Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) scale and analysed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, median) and inferential statistics (Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test). Result Only 18.7% of the respondents had an excellent health promoting lifestyle followed by good health promoting lifestyle among 60.4%. Highest median score was observed in spiritual 27(10-36), and interpersonal relationship subscale 27(9-36). Whereas, the lowest was observed in physical activity 21(8-32) followed by stress management 24(10-32). Statistically significant difference was observed in age and perception of own health status with spirituality; gender, chronic illness and perception of own health status with interpersonal subscale and age, gender, marital status, occupation and perception of own health status with physical subscale. Conclusion The study concludes the need of health education and awareness to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours with a particular emphasis on indoor physical activities and stress management skills with specific consideration to female and elderly.
Abstract
The US imports a huge quantity of frozen meat (goat and lamb) each year. However, the local producers usually find the marketing of their animals and animal products as one of the major ...challenges in the rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess the market opportunity for goat and lamb meat in the major cities of the Southeast US. Surveys were conducted to collect the prices for goat and lamb meat and demand and supply situation for these products from various stores (Asian, Indian, Chinese, Korean, Mexican, international, Walmart, Kroger, Publix, and Sam’s Club) located in Atlanta (Georgia); Orlando and Tallahassee (Florida); Jackson (Mississippi); Mobile, Huntsville, Birmingham, and Auburn (Alabama); and Nashville (Tennessee)). Altogether, data were collected from 38 stores in these cities. Mostly, the price listed was for frozen meat, and it varied from city to city, and store to store within a city. The price range for goat meat was from $9.88/kg in Orlando (FL) to $19.78/kg in Birmingham (AL). The price for lamb ranged from $21.60/kg in Mobile to $32.98/kg in Orlando. Price also varied depending on the type of meat for each species (lamb kabobs, lamb rack, lamb boneless, lamb loin chops, goat stew, goat chops). Most of the stores reported that the demand for goat and lamb meat was growing due to the increasing ethnic population, but the supply was uneven. The findings of this study suggest that there is a promising demand for goat meat and lamb in the Southeast. Developing a working plan to connect rural producers to the food supply chain, especially with vendors is necessary to create a viable marketing channel for the locally produced goat and lamb meat.
Abstract
Raising goats on pastures and other grazing systems for low-input costs is gaining popularity among producers. However, their performance on different grazing systems, and the resulting ...carcass and meat quality is not much reported. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance, carcass, and meat quality of Kiko wethers finished on pastures and browse. Eleven Kiko wethers were raised on year-round grazing systems from April 2015 to November 2017. Grazing lands consisted of southern pine silvopastures planted with cool- and warm-season forages, woodlands, and a system containing planted forages and browse. Wethers were rotationally stocked in these systems based on the available forages. Animal performance data (body weight, FAMACHA, body condition score) were collected in every two weeks. At the end of the grazing study, wethers were slaughtered, and carcass and meat quality data were collected. Animal performance data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 using MANOVA procedure, and descriptive statistics were calculated for carcass and meat quality. Animals gained 50 kg (±2.1 SE) body weight during the study period showing a significant polynomial trendline of body weight with age (R2 = 0.98). Animals showed comparatively higher FAMACHA score and lower body condition score during the first five months of grazing. FAMACHA score ranged from 1.5 to 3.1 and body condition score from 1.8 to 2.8 during the study period. Body weight, FAMACHA score, and body condition score were highly correlated (p<0.0001). Median values for dressing percent, hot-carcass pH, cold-carcass pH, protein content, and crude fat content were 50.84%, 6.66, 5.67, 23.26%, and 3.95% respectively. Results showed that it is quite feasible to raise goats on forages and browse when there are enough grazing lands and suitable environmental conditions for growing forages and browse to obtain quality meat products.
Abstract
Use of suitable grazing animals is crucial for successfully managing silvopastures. Previous studies with Kiko wethers rotationally stocked in southern-pine silvopastures showed a ...significant debarking of 10-11-year-old pine trees. There is a need to identify suitable animals and management strategies to protect trees in silvopastures. The objectives of the study were to 1) determine the effect of confinement on diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of Katahdin rams and Kiko wethers in southern-pine silvopastures, and 2) evaluate the animal-species difference in utilizing silvopastures and other grazing lands. The study site consisted of three silvopasture plots (0.4-ha each) with longleaf (Pinus palustrisMill.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pines, and wooded area (1.6-ha) and open space (0.35-ha) located outside the silvopasture plots. Silvopasture plots were divided into two to three subplots, and different combinations of cool-season forages were grown in the subplots. Diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of Kiko wethers (n=6; 61.5 ± 1.58 kg BW) and Katahdin rams (n=6; 72.7 ± 4.80 kg BW) were monitored in two sets of studies: 1) animals were rotationally stocked in three silvopasture plots with confinement (plot-gate closed), and 2) the same study was repeated with non-confinement (plot-gate open), allowing animals’ access to wooded area and open space. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test in R-package (p<0.05). Rams did not debark pine trees irrespective of confinement. They spent less time (17%) grazing (p<0.05) and stayed out of the silvopasture plots for a significant period (42%) with non-confinement. Wethers showed some debarking (2%) of pine trees with confinement, but none without confinement. With non-confinement, wethers’ grazing time decreased (53%) (p<0.0001), browsing time increased (48x) (p<0.0001), and distribution outside the silvopasture plots remained significant (73%). Rams were found safe to use in southern-pine silvopastures; however, non-confinement would be necessary while using wethers to safeguard pine trees.
The US imports a huge quantity of frozen meat (goat and lamb) each year. However, the local producers usually find the marketing of their animals and animal products as one of the major challenges in ...the rural areas. The objective of this study was to assess the market opportunity for goat and lamb meat in the major cities of the Southeast US. Surveys were conducted to collect the prices for goat and lamb meat and demand and supply situation for these products from various stores (Asian, Indian, Chinese, Korean, Mexican, international, Walmart, Kroger, Publix, and Sam's Club) located in Atlanta (Georgia); Orlando and Tallahassee (Florida); Jackson (Mississippi); Mobile, Huntsville, Birmingham, and Auburn (Alabama); and Nashville (Tennessee)). Altogether, data were collected from 38 stores in these cities. Mostly, the price listed was for frozen meat, and it varied from city to city, and store to store within a city. The price range for goat meat was from $9.88/kg in Orlando (FL) to $19.78/kg in Birmingham (AL). The price for lamb ranged from $21.60/kg in Mobile to $32.98/kg in Orlando. Price also varied depending on the type of meat for each species (lamb kabobs, lamb rack, lamb boneless, lamb loin chops, goat stew, goat chops). Most of the stores reported that the demand for goat and lamb meat was growing due to the increasing ethnic population, but the supply was uneven. The findings of this study suggest that there is a promising demand for goat meat and lamb in the Southeast. Developing a working plan to connect rural producers to the food supply chain, especially with vendors is necessary to create a viable marketing channel for the locally produced goat and lamb meat.
Raising goats on pastures and other grazing systems for low-input costs is gaining popularity among producers. However, their performance on different grazing systems, and the resulting carcass and ...meat quality is not much reported. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance, carcass, and meat quality of Kiko wethers finished on pastures and browse. Eleven Kiko wethers were raised on year-round grazing systems from April 2015 to November 2017. Grazing lands consisted of southern pine silvopastures planted with cool- and warm-season forages, woodlands, and a system containing planted forages and browse. Wethers were rotationally stocked in these systems based on the available forages. Animal performance data (body weight, FAMACHA, body condition score) were collected in every two weeks. At the end of the grazing study, wethers were slaughtered, and carcass and meat quality data were collected. Animal performance data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 using MANOVA procedure, and descriptive statistics were calculated for carcass and meat quality. Animals gained 50 kg (±2.1 SE) body weight during the study period showing a significant polynomial trendline of body weight with age (R2 = 0.98). Animals showed comparatively higher FAMACHA score and lower body condition score during the first five months of grazing. FAMACHA score ranged from 1.5 to 3.1 and body condition score from 1.8 to 2.8 during the study period. Body weight, FAMACHA score, and body condition score were highly correlated (p<0.0001). Median values for dressing percent, hot-carcass pH, cold-carcass pH, protein content, and crude fat content were 50.84%, 6.66, 5.67, 23.26%, and 3.95% respectively. Results showed that it is quite feasible to raise goats on forages and browse when there are enough grazing lands and suitable environmental conditions for growing forages and browse to obtain quality meat products.
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