•A test particle numerical code for a Levy random walk around a shock transition is presented.•The simulation results are compared with observations of energetic particle fluxes observed by ACE ...spacecraft.•The comparison shows that energetic particle transport is superdiffusive both upstream and downstream of shocks.
Energetic particles fluxes measured by spacecraft in the heliosphere are frequently observed to peak during interplanetary shock crossings, suggesting the shock to be the source of acceleration. It has been shown that the shape of the energetic particle fluxes, upstream and downstream of the shock, is affected by energetic particle transport properties. In this study we make a comparison among a number of shock crossings observed by the ACE spacecraft, and the energetic particle fluxes derived by a test-particle numerical model in the vicinity of a planar shock. We find that observations are in good agreement with a particle density profile obtained in the simulation by assuming superdiffusive transport both upstream and downstream of the shock region.
Regorafenib may be active in different cancer types. This Phase II trial included patients with various refractory cancer types treated with regorafenib. Here, we report the results of the pancreatic ...adenocarcinoma cohort.
The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 8 weeks; further investigation of regorafenib would be warranted with a PFS rate ≥50%.
A total of 20 patients were enrolled. The best response was stable disease in four patients (20%). The 8-week PFS rate was 25% with a median PFS of 1.7 months (95% CI: 1.5-2.0). A total of 13 patients (65%) experienced grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events.
The study did not meet its primary end point. Further investigation of regorafenib monotherapy in this setting is not recommended.
NCT02307500.
The kinetic-energy variation of emitted light clusters has been employed as a clock to explore the time evolution of the temperature for thermalizing composite systems produced in the reactions of ...26A, 35A, and 47A MeV {sup 64}Zn with {sup 58}Ni, {sup 92}Mo, and {sup 197}Au. For each system investigated, the double-isotope ratio temperature curve exhibits a high maximum apparent temperature, in the range of 10-25 MeV, at high ejectile velocity. These maximum values increase with increasing projectile energy and decrease with increasing target mass. The time at which the maximum in the temperature curve is reached ranges from 80 to 130 fm/c after contact. For each different target, the subsequent cooling curves for all three projectile energies are quite similar. Temperatures comparable with those of limiting temperature systematics are reached 30 to 40 fm/c after the times corresponding to the maxima, at a time when antisymmetrized molecular dynamics transport model calculations predict entry into the final evaporative or fragmentation stage of deexcitation of the hot composite systems. Evidence for the establishment of thermal and chemical equilibrium is discussed.
A large series of T cell clones (TCC) specific for purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (total 60) or Toxocara canis excretory/secretory (TES) antigen (total 69) were ...established from the peripheral blood of two healthy individuals and analyzed for their profile of cytokine production in response to stimulation with either the specific antigen or the polyclonal activator phorbol myristate acetate plus anti-CD3 antibody. Under both these experimental conditions, the great majority of PPD-specific TCC secreted IL-2 and IFN-gamma but not, or limited amounts of, IL-4 and IL-5. In contrast, most TES-specific TCC secreted IL-4 and IL-5 but not, or limited amounts of, IL-2 and IFN-gamma. PPD-specific TCC that failed to secrete IL-4 and IL-5, and TES-specific TCC that failed to secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma, were found to lack transcripts for IL-4 and IL-5, or for IL-2 and IFN-gamma, respectively. During the course of the study, over a 6-mo period, the functional phenotype of both TES- and PPD-specific TCC was repeatedly assessed and remained constant. These data demonstrate that T cells with stable Th1 or Th2 functional pattern exist not only in mice but also in humans and suggest that in the course of natural immunization certain infectious agents preferentially expand T cell subsets with stable and definite profile of cytokine production.
The EURISOL program aims at the construction, beyond the year 2013, of the "next-generation" European Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility. It will extend and amplify ...the exciting work presently being carried out at the first generation RIB facilities in Europe and other parts of the world. The EURISOL facility will play a complementary role to the recently approved upgrade of the GSI facility at Darmstadt, Germany, the European "next-generation" In-Flight RIB facility FAIR.
An update on human Th1 and Th2 cells Romagnani, S; Parronchi, P; D'Elios, M M ...
International archives of allergy and immunology,
01/1997, Letnik:
113, Številka:
1-3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The existence of functionally polarized human T cell responses based on their profile of cytokine secretion in both the CD4+ T helper (Th) and the CD8+ T cytotoxic cell subset has been established. ...Human Th1 and Th2 cells not only produce a different set of cytokines but also exhibit distinct functional properties and preferential expression of some activation markers, such as LAG-3 and CD30, respectively. Several factors are involved in the Th cell differentiation into the polarized Th1 or Th2 pathway. They include the cytokine profile of 'natural immunity' evoked by different offending agents, the nature of the peptide ligand, as well as the activity of some costimulatory molecules and microenvironmentally secreted hormones, in the context of different host genetic backgrounds. Polarized Th1-type and Th2-type responses play different roles in protection, Th1 being effective in the defense against intracellular pathogens and Th2 against intestinal nematodes. Moreover, they are responsible for different types of immunopathological reactions. Th1 responses predominate in organ-specific autoimmune disorders, acute allograft rejection, unexplained recurrent abortions, and in some chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown etiology. In contrast, Th2 responses predominate in Omenn's syndrome, transplantation tolerance, chronic graft versus host disease, systemic sclerosis; moreover allergen-reactive Th2 cells are involved in the triggering of atopic disorders.
A 4
π
light charged particle spectrometer, called 8
π
LP, is in operation at the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy, for studying reaction mechanisms in low-energy heavy-ion reactions. Besides ...about 300 telescopes to detect light charged particles, the spectrometer is also equipped with an anular PPAC system to detect evaporation residues and a two-arm time-of-flight spectrometer to detect fission fragments. The spectrometer has been used in several fission dynamics studies using as a probe light charged particles in the fission and evaporation residues (ER) channels. This paper proposes a journey within some open questions about the fission dynamics and a review of the main results concerning nuclear dissipation and fission time-scale obtained from several of these studies. In particular, the advantages of using systems of intermediate fissility will be discussed.
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