Clot retraction refers to the process whereby activated platelets transduce contractile forces onto the fibrin network of a thrombus, which over time increases clot density and decreases clot size. ...This process is considered important for promoting clot stability and maintaining blood vessel patency. Insights into the mechanisms regulating clot retraction at sites of vascular injury have been hampered by a paucity of in vivo experimental models. By pairing localized vascular injury with thrombin microinjection in the mesenteric circulation of mice, we have demonstrated that the fibrin network of thrombi progressively compacts over a 2-hour period. This was a genuine retraction process, as treating thrombi with blebbistatin to inhibit myosin IIa–mediated platelet contractility prevented shrinkage of the fibrin network. Real-time confocal analysis of fibrinolysis after recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) administration revealed that incomplete proteolysis of fibrin polymers markedly facilitated clot retraction. Similarly, inhibiting endogenous fibrinolysis with tranexamic acid reduced retraction of fibrin polymers in vivo. In vitro clot retraction experiments indicated that subthreshold doses of tPA facilitated clot retraction through a plasmin-dependent mechanism. These effects correlated with changes in the elastic modulus of fibrin clots. These findings define the endogenous fibrinolytic system as an important regulator of clot retraction, and show that promoting clot retraction is a novel and complementary means by which fibrinolytic enzymes can reduce thrombus size.
•Localized vascular injury with thrombin microinjection produces a fibrin network that undergoes myosin IIa–dependent retraction in vivo.•Using this model, we demonstrate that endogenous fibrinolysis promotes fibrin clot retraction.
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•Exploitation of the impact delamination phenomenon.•Novel mechanical method to separate HDPE from laminates for recycling.•Fine tuning of shredding operation to separate HPDE while ...cutting.•Reduced amounts of solvent wastes and improved environmental friendliness.•Very rapid HDPE separation, reduced unit operations and plant footprint.
High-density polythene (HDPE) is difficult to separate from food packaging waste for recycling because the packaging occasionally has multilayer plastic labels attached. Solvents are employed in the current separation techniques to remove undesirable layers from HDPE substrates. The possibility of separating HDPE via the impact-delamination phenomenon was explored both theoretically and experimentally. Using the cohesive zone model (CZM), the decohesion of layers in a model two-layer laminate made of HDPE and LDPE layers was studied theoretically. According to this study, stress waves emerge and severely damage the adhesion between the layers as a cutting blade strikes the laminate at speeds greater than 40 m/s. The damage can be enhanced by increasing the strike velocity and the apex radius of the blade. These findings show that a novel plastic delaminator that can cut and delaminate the laminates simultaneously can be designed. The proposed machine will feature two sets of blades with varying edge apex radii. One set of blades can be designed to cause the most adhesion damage while the other blades cut the laminate. This unique combination of cutting and delamination operations has several benefits, including less solvent waste and downstream processes, greater environmental friendliness, and faster HDPE separation.
Laminates from HDPE milk bottles were cut using a high-speed cutter-blender with six blades to test the predicted results. The cut HDPE flakes were separated pneumatically. According to FTIR analysis and SEM, only a trace of adhesive was present on the cut and separated HDPE flakes.
Hydrophobic ionic liquid ferrofluids (ILFFs) are studied for use in electrospray thrusters for microsatellite propulsion under nonatmospheric and in high-temperature environments. We synthesized a ...hydrophobic ILFF by dispersing sterically stabilized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. A diblock copolymer, C4-RAFT-AA10-DEAm60, was synthesized to facilitate multipoint bidentate anchoring to the NP through the acrylic acid block. The DEAm60 layer was incorporated to generate steric repulsion between particles to protect against the aggregation of magnetized particles arising from dipole–dipole attraction. The effect of shearing and variation in the magnetic field strength on the steric repulsion was examined using the DLVO theory. The effect of varying the magnetic field strength and particle concentration on the viscoelastic properties of the ferrofluid was evaluated using rheometry. The viscosity of the ferrofluid increased with the magnetic field strength, indicating that the magnetized particles assembled into a structure. The level of straining required to break down the structure formed by the magnetized particles increased with the magnetic field strength and particle concentration. The absence of particle interlocking during shearing was indicated by the smooth viscosity versus shear rate traces. The DLVO analysis showed that increasing the magnetic attraction between the particles causes the DEAm60 brush layers on the particles to overlap more, resulting in an increase in the steric repulsion. As overlapping increases, osmotic repulsion is caused before progressing to a strong elastic repulsion. The effect of the polymer solubility and particle interaction due to hydrodynamic forces on the steric repulsion was also analyzed.
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•Increased stability of ammonium nitrate emulsion explosives in reactive grounds.•Urea hydrolysis results in weaker inhibition at high temperatures.•NOx reduction mechanism delays ...spontaneous detonation of ammonium nitrate.•MnO2 catalyst enhances NOx reduction with urea up to 130 °C.
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, AN) is a major commodity chemical. Its principal uses are as a fertilizer and an explosive. Ammonium nitrate is inherently unstable and has been the cause of numerous accidental explosions, sometimes with hundreds of deaths. We have investigated the thermal decomposition and methods of inhibiting the critical reactions of ammonium nitrate. NOx gas was shown to accumulate during an induction period and lead to the generation of nitrous acid (HNO2). Removal of NOx by adsorption or reduction provides alternative approaches to inhibition. In this work we reveal alternative methods to inhibit accidental ammonium nitrate explosions. Layered double hydroxides, such as hydrotalcite, were found to be very effective at inhibiting and delaying detonation by adsorbing NOx. Urea, traditionally used to inhibit explosions, was found to be very ineffective at higher temperatures (above ∼ 80 °C). However, the addition of MnO2 catalysts to urea increased its efficiency at temperatures up to ∼ 130 °C. The urea/MnO2 catalyst system was a highly effective inhibitor for preventing thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate over a wide temperature range.
Hydrophobic ionic liquid ferrofluids (ILFFs) are studied for use in electrospray thrusters for microsatellite propulsion under nonatmospheric and in high-temperature environments. We synthesized a ...hydrophobic ILFF by dispersing sterically stabilized γ-Fe
O
nanoparticles (NPs) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. A diblock copolymer, C4-RAFT-AA
-DEAm
, was synthesized to facilitate multipoint bidentate anchoring to the NP through the acrylic acid block. The DEAm
layer was incorporated to generate steric repulsion between particles to protect against the aggregation of magnetized particles arising from dipole-dipole attraction. The effect of shearing and variation in the magnetic field strength on the steric repulsion was examined using the DLVO theory. The effect of varying the magnetic field strength and particle concentration on the viscoelastic properties of the ferrofluid was evaluated using rheometry. The viscosity of the ferrofluid increased with the magnetic field strength, indicating that the magnetized particles assembled into a structure. The level of straining required to break down the structure formed by the magnetized particles increased with the magnetic field strength and particle concentration. The absence of particle interlocking during shearing was indicated by the smooth viscosity versus shear rate traces. The DLVO analysis showed that increasing the magnetic attraction between the particles causes the DEAm
brush layers on the particles to overlap more, resulting in an increase in the steric repulsion. As overlapping increases, osmotic repulsion is caused before progressing to a strong elastic repulsion. The effect of the polymer solubility and particle interaction due to hydrodynamic forces on the steric repulsion was also analyzed.
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•Ammonium nitrate and pyrite react to produce nitric oxide and nitrous acid.•Thermal decomposition is accelerated by NOx and nitrous acid catalysts.•Adsorption of NOx gas slows the ...decomposition of ammonium nitrate with pyrite.•Hydrotalcite adsorbs NOx gases to inhibit the thermal decomposition.
The mechanism of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) and of ammonium nitrate (AN) emulsions has been investigated. The formation of NO gas bubbles at the end of an induction period was observed, which led to the evolution of brown NO2 gas on contact with air. Inhibition of the decomposition reaction could be achieved by reducing the NO concentration in the gas phase, with inhibitors not in physical contact with the reaction mixture. NO adsorbing clay minerals (hydrotalcite) were effective inhibitors, indicating multiple mechanisms of inhibition. A central role is assigned to nitrous acid (HNO2): sequestering NO prevents its formation, base inhibitors keep it in the non-reactive form of the nitrite ion (pKa of HNO2∼3), and urea in acidic conditions decomposes it to harmless N2. Our results have implications in industries where NOx emissions can cause significant environmental problems for both aquatic and marine life as well as for human health.
•Exothermic reaction between NH4NO3 emulsion and pyrite generates gas bubbles.•The bubbles reduce the thermal conductivity of the reacting mixture.•This reduction restricts heat dissipation leading ...to ignition and explosion.•The highest temperature point in a blast hole moves due to gas generation.
When NH4NO3 emulsions are used in blast holes containing pyrite, they can exothermally react with pyrite, causing the emulsion to intensively heat and detonate prematurely. Such premature detonations can inflict fatal and very costly damages. The mechanism of heating of the emulsions is not well understood though such an understanding is essential for designing safe blasting. In this study the heating of an emulsion in model blast holes was simulated by solving the heat equation. The physical factors contributing to the heating phenomenon were studied using microscopic and calorimetric methods.
Microscopic studies revealed the continuous formation of a large number of gas bubbles as the reaction progressed at the emulsion-pyrite interface, which made the reacting emulsion porous. Calculations show that the increase in porosity causes the thermal conductivity of a reacting region of an emulsion column in a blast hole to decrease exponentially. This large reduction in the thermal conductivity retards heat dissipation from the reacting region causing its temperature to rise. The rise in temperature accelerates the exothermic reaction producing more heat. Simulations predict a migration of the hottest spot of the emulsion column, which could dangerously heat the primers and boosters located in the blast hole.
We have examined the nucleation of chemically generated nitrogen gas bubbles in microheterogeneous systems, using optical microscopy on a model system consisting of a single liquid−liquid interface. ...Results clearly show that bubble nucleation occurs in both the aqueous and oil phases, despite the nitrogen production reaction being a purely aqueous phase process. A theoretical model is developed which describes the time evolution of the nitrogen concentration profile, and this reveals that bubbles in the oil are a result of homogeneous nucleation of dissolved N2 transported across the interface into a (supersaturated) diffusion layer. We further show that bubble nucleation in the oil can be inhibited or eliminated by adding water-soluble surfactants, which facilitates aqueous phase bubble nucleation and then acts as highly effective nitrogen sinks, severely reducing the flux of dissolved gas across the water−oil interface.
Proteins and fatty acids often exist in solutions containing biological matter that are treated with membranes. These proteins and fatty acids interact with each other as well as with the membranes ...thereby affecting the flux. Binding of fatty acids to proteins results in complexes that are much larger than fatty acid molecules. Exploitation of this size difference to remove difficult to separate fatty acids from aqueous solutions by ultrafiltration was investigated in this study. In addition, the fouling of membrane by the protein-fatty acid mixtures containing free dissolved fatty acids was studied using bovine albumin (BSA)-caprylic system. Binding of caprylic acid to native and pasteurized BSA was examined by diafiltering pre equilibrated fatty acid-BSA mixtures. The rate of mass transfer of fatty acid molecules through boundary film surrounding the protein molecules was estimated using a BSA solution as the adsorbent phase in an agitated column. A stirred cell fitted with a polyethersulfone membrane (30 kDa) was used for the diafiltrations. Accumulation of fatty acid in the BSA layers fouled on the membrane was also estimated. Binding studies indicate that a native BSA molecule (at pH 6.8) could bind 7 fatty acid molecules in specific binding cavities while approximately 44 molecules are bound onto the surface. When BSA was pasteurized the specific binding decreased from 7 to 2 indicating unfolding of the molecule. In addition, the total binding capacity decreased from 44 to 24 moles/BSA mole and the rate of mass transfer decreased from 4.5/min to 3.6/min, indicating heat induced aggregation of BSA. At alkaline pH levels fatty acid anion acts as an anionic surfactant stabilizing the molecular conformation of the protein and reducing fouling. When pH was lowered to 3, flux severely declined. Unusually large accumulation of fatty acid in the deposited protein layers (caprylic/BSA ~ 10,000 moles) occurred indicating capillary condensation of undissociated fatty acids in the protein layer. Agitated column studies showed that proteins could be used as an adsorbent to remove hard to separate dissolved fatty acids from aqueous solutions. The separated protein-fatty acid complex may be further processed to manufacture animal feed.
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