For long-range communication, Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is the appropriate media access layer protocol. This LoRaWAN protocol connects the end devices and the application server through ...the gateways. The end devices can join the LoRaWAN network by following two processes such as Over-The-Air-Activation (OTAA) and Activation-By-Personalization (ABP). The joining request from the end devices is unencrypted during the process of OTAA. So, for improving the joining process in OTAA, joining requests from the end devices are encrypted using the improved elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) in this paper. To enhance the performance of ECC, the private key is selected optimally using Artificial Flora (AF) algorithm. AF algorithm solves some complex, non-linear, discrete optimization problems. The proposed novel method of AF based ECC (AF-ECC) performance outperforms conventional ECC in the basis of latency, timeout messages and throughput, which is depicted in simulation results.
Global climate changes are undoubtedly course of the increasing frequency of extreme whether events all over the world. Rural communities belong to the “group of victims” which is greatly jeopardized ...by consequences of the extreme weather events. Having in mind limited capacities for the preparedness, response and recovery after any kind of emergency it is clear that the rural community mostly needs external help. That is the point of this paper: to make new insights about this important issue, and to discuss: “how to provide adequate help in the rural communities and build adequate adaptive and response capacities”. In many countries agriculture and rural tourism are main economic activities in the rural area and its interruption could be the obstacle for implementation of sustainable development. Various stakeholders omit to be aware of this issue. Emergency agencies and many others have to make the comprehensive plan for rural communities (having in mind all its limitations). In the Republic of Serbia rural communities do not have enough capacity for recovery and usually it takes many years after an event. A minimum of an economic recovery standard has to be created for the rural community. It also has to be a specific contingency plan in the future reorganizations of emergency services in Serbia and at the Western Balkan region. It should be one of the priority issues for stakeholders in the near future in disaster risk reduction. Providing equal access to resources to population in the rural community after the extreme weather event has to be the priority task for policy makers and all actors in emergency management.
Rural youth are influenced by a wide range of uncertainties regarding their personal and professional development. Rural youth and in particular rural NEETs (Not in Employment, Education or Training) ...are especially vulnerable and face higher risks of labour market, social and economic exclusion. This paper aims to analyse the determinants of the dynamics of rural NEETs in three post-transitional countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Serbia) compared to the EU-28 average and to Ireland as an example of an established EU member state with over 50% of its population living in rural areas that can act as a benchmark for effective policy implementation to address challenges of marginalized youth, during the 2009–2019 period. The dynamics of rural NEET status and the efficiency/adaptability of regional development policies are revealed through analysis of macro and socioeconomic factors as well as specific employment-related indicators disaggregated by gender and degree of urbanisation. The comparative analysis indicates deficiencies in regional development policies among post-transitional countries and the potential to adapt modern European practices and policies for improving the rural NEETs’ position.
In the 21st century humans face with the great risk how to protect themselves from disasters of different kinds. Emergencies happened in many countries and caused a great suffering of humans. The ...main question of stakeholders is: ‘’how to protect human health and environment in an adequate way’’. Emergency management is an issue which is included in numerous education institutions all over the globe and the action of various national and international organizations. Therefore it is interesting that in the process of fostering emergency management many countries neglect the need of creating more effective tools for response, preparedness and recovery in environmental emergencies. The paper is based on analyzes of Serbian approach in the governance of emergency situation followed by incommensurate environmental risks. Serbia had to accept International environmental emergency help after the floods in 2014. The Joint United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) / Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Environment Unit (JEU) helped Serbia to mitigate consequences of horrified environmental emergency in “Stolice” mine near city Krupanj. This assistance was needed because Serbia did not have enough capacity to struggle with the consequences of breaking the dam and contamination of soil and rivers. This study shows that a similar disaster in the future could be solved only by strengthening multilateral response of different actors at local and national level. After all, Serbia is at the beginning of the path, and need to highlight strategic challenges in the governance of emergency situation followed by environmental emergencies. Only with full implementation of positive practice of the international community Serbia could avoid long term impact on life support functions, nature and humans.
The acronym NEET refers to youths aged between 15 and 34 years old who are excluded from employment, education or training. However, historically, the NEET demographic has been depicted as a largely ...homogenous group. Against this backdrop and given the dependency of rural economies on agricultural practices for survival, such practices have been in decline for a number of years, seriously threatening rural communities’ sustainability. While these rural NEETs can present as registered unemployed and also within the reporting statistics of various different state-funded initiatives, interventions and programmes, in the case of Rural NEETs, there is a dearth of reporting categories that highlight the specificity of this group resulting in their presence being largely overlooked within official dissemination. In order to advance this emergent field of research, presented here is a Rapid Evidence Assessment protocol that will aid future work of the authors and for others to adapt and/or adopt.
We investigated metal accumulation in bamboo leaves during three seasons at three urban locations differing in pollution levels. The higher content of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the leaves was in correlation ...with the highest bioavailable content of these elements in the soil at the most polluted location. The content of leaf trace elements was higher in summer and autumn compared to spring. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that Si accumulation in bamboo leaves was the highest in epidermis and vascular tissue, and was co-localized with trace metals. Analysis of phytoliths showed co-deposition of Al, C, and Si, implying the involvement of Si in metal detoxification. Compared to a common urban tree, linden, bamboo showed better capacity to maintain cellular redox homeostasis under deteriorated environmental conditions. The results suggest that bamboo can be efficiently used for biomonitoring of air and soil metal pollution and remediation in urban areas.
This book details how interested parties can, must and are getting ahead of the curve to promote peace, provide access to justice and build accountable institutions for all. It envisions a hopeful ...future in which the impacts of SDG16 are likely to be far more positive, transformational, and visible much more quickly, than we might have imagined.
Numerous scientific research studies all over the world have addressed the
problem of agriculture in the 21st century as being particularly sensitive
to climate change, which has caused ...phytopathogenic bacteria to spread.
Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to contain this kind of risk in
agricultural production (both conventional and organic farming). The
objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of 30
essential oils (EOs) against three harmful plant pathogenic bacteria of
agricultural importance, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The study included in
vitro testing, using an agar-diffusion assay. The EOs of Ceylon cinnamon
(leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud and palmarosa revealed antibacterial
activity against the test bacteria, and the maximum mean inhibition zone
diameters of 35 mm was found against E. amylovora and X. campestris pv.
campestris (highly sensitive reaction), while it was smaller in the case of
P. syringae pv. syringae, from 18.25-26.25 mm (sensitive to very sensitive
reaction). Maximum diameter of the zone of inhibition (35 mm) was obtained
using basil and peppermint against E. amylovora, and rosemary, blue gum and
camphor tree against X. campestris pv. campestris. Not a single EO inhibited
P. syringae pv. syringae with the resulting total diameter zone of 35 mm,
and this test bacteria was resultingly classified as the least susceptible
bacterium of the three tested. EOs of lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang,
silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel and scots pine caused
sensitive reaction of the tested bacteria. Peppermint, black cumin, Indian
frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange and neem
produced variable reactions from total to weakly or no inhibition at all.
Weakly activity was found in niaouli and Atlas cedar. Eastern red cedar,
patchouli, Indian sandalwood and ginger caused no reaction of any of the
test bacteria. The results offer a basis for further work based on in vivo
testing for the purpose of developing ?natural pesticides? for control of
phytopathogenic bacteria, thus giving a significant contribution to reducing
yield losses in agriculture and sustainable development.
PDF
