The present study analyzed the actual evapotranspiration (ET
a
) and its components transpiration (E
t
), bare soil evaporation (E
b
), interception loss (E
i
), and open water evaporation (E
o
) ...data to study the long-term (1980–2018) trends over different meteorological sub-divisions in India. Quantitatively, all India average (µ) annual ET
a
is 573 mm (standard deviation (σ) = 29 mm), where E
t
(µ = 456 mm; σ = 30 mm) plays a major role compared to other evaporation processes like E
b
(µ = 56 mm; σ = 9 mm), E
i
(µ = 34 mm; σ = 3 mm), and E
o
(µ = 27 mm). The Mann–Kendall (MK) test reveals an increasing trend (1.33 mm/yr) in annual ET
a
due to the rising trend in E
t
(1.91 mm/yr) and E
i
(0.16 mm/yr). The sub-division-wise analysis shows the increasing trend in ET
a
observed over irrigated regions located in the south, north-west, and foothills of the Himalayas during pre-monsoon (March–May) and monsoon season (June–September). The correlation analysis observed a complex relationship between ET
a
and climatic factors (rainfall (RF), soil moisture (SM), surface temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), surface net solar radiation (SSR), and wind speed (WS)) during monsoon season such that the water-limited areas have a positive correlation with SM, RH and RF, and negative correlation with WS, T, and SSR, whereas, in energy-limited areas (east India), the ET
a
showed a positive correlation with SSR and T and negative correlation with RF. The main climatic drivers for the increasing trend of ET
a
are SM and rainfall over dry regions and SSR and T over densely vegetated regions in India.
Cultivating productive paddy crops on salty soil to maximise production is a challenging approach to meeting the world's growing food demand. Thus, determining salinity tolerance rates in specific ...paddy cultivars is urgently needed. In this study, the salt tolerance traits of selected paddy cultivars, ADT45 and ADT39, were investigated by analysing germination, metabolites (pigments and biomolecules), and enzymatic (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) adaptation strategies as salt-stress tolerance mechanisms. This study found that salinity-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) were efficiently detoxified by the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) in ADT45 paddy varieties, followed by ADT39. Salinity stress had a significant impact on pigments and essential biomolecules in ADT45 and ADT39 paddy cultivars, including total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde, and proline. ADT45 demonstrated a significant relationship between H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme levels, followed by ADT39 paddy but not IR64. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical analyses revealed that ADT45, followed by ADT39, is a potential salt-tolerant rice cultivar.
•ADT45 and ADT39 paddy varieties showed fine tolerance to salt stress.•Salinity-induced ROS were efficiently detoxified by the antioxidant enzymes.•Salinity stress influenced pigments & essential biomolecules in ADT45 & ADT39.•ADT45 showed a significant correlation between H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme levels.
The effect of Sc addition to AA2195 (NoSc) alloy by 0.025 wt% (LoSc) and 0.25 wt% (HiSc) on the evolution of microstructure, texture and mechanical property in AA2195 alloy during room temperature ...HPT processing was studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Vicker’s microhardness test, respectively. Higher amount of Sc addition increased the volume fraction of precipitates formed after HPT processing by 5 rotations, as inferred from both STEM-HAADF imaging and high-resolution X-rays diffraction pattern analysis. This was primarily attributed to the size, distribution and morphology of the precipitates. Increased Sc content resulted in the decrease in solid solubility of Cu in the Al matrix, thereby causing higher precipitation of Cu containing precipitates. The increase in Sc content resulted in decreased intensities of the
A
1
∗
and
A
2
∗
ideal shear texture components and an increase in the intensity of the C components ({100} < 011 >), resulting from the easier dynamic recovery and recrystallization that occurs with the presence of larger precipitates. As a result, the highest microhardness was achieved in the LoSc alloy due to the formation of a nanocrystalline microstructure along with a homogeneous distribution of nanoscaled precipitates. This fine distribution of precipitates in LoSc alloy retained the smallest crystallite size and highest dislocation density at the disk periphery around a strain of 30. These enhanced properties in LoSc were attributed to the nearly homogeneous formation of fine precipitates ranging between 15 and 25 nm within the grains and < 100 nm at the grain boundaries during HPT processing.
Cadmium sulfide-tin sulfide (CdS–SnS) nanoparticles are a novel kind of photocatalyst. These CdS–SnS nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and DLS ...techniques, to understand their size distribution, crystalline nature, morphology, shape, optical properties, and elemental composition. This research offers insight into the efficient photocatalytic degradation of Phenanthrene (PHE) using CdS–SnS. The CdS–SnS NPs as photocatalyst can effectively photodegrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as phenanthrene under simulated solar and UV light. UV–vis spectra of these nanoparticles exhibit peaks at 365 and 546 cm−1 respectively, the mean size of the CdS–SnS NPs in DLS is determined to be 78 nm. The CdS–SnS stretching frequency was observed at wave numbers below 700 cm−1, the absorption peak at 1123 cm−1 indicates the presence of C–N stretch or CS bond of thiourea, while the peak at 1350.38 cm−1 corresponds to the tris-amine C–N stretch in FT-IR. Additionally, the peaks observed at 2026 cm−1 indicate the presence of isothiocyanate (NCS). 1456.23 cm−1 represents the asymmetric scissor deformation vibration. EDAX revealed the presence of elemental Cd and Sn oxides. The antimicrobial studies showed that the CdS–SnS NPs at the concentration of 150 μg/mL, exhibit maximum inhibition (15 ± 1.25 mm) against the strains Proteus mirabilis followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Clostridium spp. Among fungal strains Colletotrichum spp. exhibits the maximum zone of inhibition (9 ± 0.25). This research also observed the cytotoxic effects of CdS–SnS NPs on HepG2 and ZF4 cells. HepG2 cells exhibited 50% inhibition at 50 μg/mL and 70% inhibition at 100 μg/mL concentrations, while ZF4 cells exhibited 50% inhibition at 50 μg/mL and 78% inhibition at 100 μg/mL concentrations, respectively. The parameters like concentration of PHE, concentration of CdS–SnS NPs, pH, and sources of irradiation on batch adsorption were examined to maximize the efficiency of the photodegradation process.
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•Cadmium sulfide-Tin sulfide Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, DLS analysis, UV–Vis.•Demonstrated effective photocatalytic degradation of Phenanthrene under solar and UV light.•CdS–SnS Nanoparticles Antimicrobial properties against P. mirabilis and Colletotrichum spp.•Cytotoxicity studies reveal concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on HepG2 and ZF4 cells.
Fascial space infections are common emergencies presented to a maxillofacial surgeon. Space infection requires early diagnosis and prompt management. When left untreated, space infection spreads and ...involves not just one space, but also its adjacent spaces. Abscess in the head and neck region are treated by surgical incision and drainage, along with antibiotics and removal of the causative factor. The surgical incision and drainage of an abscess, if carried out based on physical examination may result in, excessive pain, tissue trauma, unnecessary extensive incisions, excess time and failure to locate and evacuate the abscess fluid. To avoid all such complications, ultrasonography is not only an invaluable diagnostic tool but also aids in ultrasonography guided drainage of fascial space infections.
A potential but an underexplored application of FIB_SEM is its ability to image the subsurface microstructure and capability for an associated chemical analysis. In this article, agglomerated ...microstructures of two model oxide dispersion strengthened alloy systems, consisting of ZrO
2
and Y
2
O
3
dispersions, are evaluated to understand its elevated temperature behaviors. The systems under evaluation are relevant as candidate nuclear structural materials for next-generation fast breeder reactors, and FIB_SEM technique is effectively used along with TEM and EDS for a comprehensive understanding of the material microstructure, and the results are discussed. Distinct microstructures are observed for the two systems with a difference in crystallite size distribution and presence of micron-sized dispersoids in Y
2
O
3
. The varied behavior of dispersoids is discussed in terms of its pre-annealing microstructures, and the superiority of ZrO
2
over Y
2
O
3
as a dispersoid for ODS alloys is emphasized.
We report the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and optical limiting (OL) thresholds of pure CdS and Ni-doped CdS thin films have been investigated with the Z-scan technique under ...continuous wave laser excitation. Nanocrystalline CdS thin films with various doping concentrations of Ni (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 10 at.%) are prepared by spray-pyrolysis technique. XRD patterns reveal that all the prepared films are polycrystalline and the incorporation of Ni does not lead to major changes in the crystalline phase of Cd
1−x
Ni
x
S thin films. The surface morphology of the prepared films is impacted by the Ni-doping and is indicated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images. With an increase in Ni-doping concentration, the energy band-gap value decreased from 2.48 eV to 2.23 eV. From the Z-scan data, it is observed that the material show strong two-photon absorption (2PA) and with an increase in Ni-doping concentrations from 0 to 10 at.%, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) are enhanced from 0.92 × 10
−5
to 4.46 × 10
−5
(cm W
−1
), nonlinear refractive index (
n
2
) from 0.2967 × 10
−9
to 0.1297 × 10
−8
(cm
2
W
−1
) and thereby the third-order NLO susceptibility (χ
(3)
) values also increased from 1.7075 × 10
−6
to 7.4743 × 10
−6
(esu). OL characteristics of the prepared films are studied at the experimental wavelength. The results propose that the Cd
1−x
Ni
x
S film is a capable material for nonlinear optical devices at 532 nm and optical power limiting applications.
Over the past few decades, the application of new novel materials in energy storage system has seen excellent development. We report a novel MnCo2O4/NiO nanostructure prepared by a simplistic ...chemical bath deposition method and employed it as a binder free electrode in the supercapacitor. The synergistic attraction from a high density of active sites, better transportation of ion diffusion and super-most electrical transportation, which deliver boost electrochemical activities. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been used to investigate the crystallinity, morphology, and elemental composition of the as-synthesized precursors, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electron impedance spectroscopy have been employed to investigate the electrochemical properties. The unique nanoparticle structures delivered additional well-organized pathways for the swift mobility of electrons and ions. The as-prepared binder-free MnCo2O4/NiO nanocomposite electrode has a high specific capacity of 453.3 C g−1 at 1 Ag−1, and an excellent cycling reliability of 91.89 percent even after 4000 cycles, which are significantly higher than bare MnCo2O4 and NiO electrodes. Finally, these results disclose that the as-fabricated MnCo2O4/NiO electrode could be a favored-like electrode material holds substantial potential and supreme option for efficient supercapacitor and their energy storage-related applications.
The work presented here reports the influence of Aluminium (Al) doping on CdS thin films for the structural, morphological, optical and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Thin films of ...Pure CdS and Al-doped CdS (Cd1-xAlxS) with x = 0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 are prepared on the glass substrate at 350 °C using the spray pyrolysis technique. The observed X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of CdS films are found to a polycrystalline hexagonal structure and are not much affected by Al doping. Also the films have been examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images. The transmittance of the CdS films is observed to be 50–60% in the visible region and that decreased at higher doping concentrations and with higher Al doping the direct optical band gap is decreased from 2.52 to 2.38 eV. To understand the defect states characteristics, the corresponding room-temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) spectra have also been taken and found the nonlinear behavior in a band to band-edge emission in the prepared samples upon Al incorporation. The sign and the magnitude of the third-order NLO properties were determined using the Z-scan technique with a continuous wave laser as the excitation source. It is observed that the material exhibit strong two-photon absorption (2PA) with the nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient (β) in the range of 10−4 cmW−1 and nonlinear refractive index (NRI) n2 ∼10−9 cm2W−1. The third-order NLO susceptibility has found to be enhanced from 3.12 × 10−5 esu to 6.36 × 10−5 esu upon Al incorporation. Optical limiting characteristics of the prepared films are studied at the experimental wavelength. The results suggest that the Cd1-xAlxS is a promising material for nonlinear optical devices at 532 nm and optical power limiting applications.
•Pure CdS and Al doped CdS (Cd1-xAlxS) thin films with x = 0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 were deposited on glass substrate at 350 °C using spray pyrolysis technique.•Optical study reveals that Al doping decreases the optical energy band gap. The fabricated films possess moderate optical transparency and high absorbance.•The corresponding room temperature photoluminescence spectra provided the understanding of optical properties and defect states characteristics.•The material exhibit strong two-photon absorption (2PA) and the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) susceptibilities.•The encouraging results of NLO studies suggest that the Cd1-xAlxS thin films are promising materials for photonic devices and optical power limiting (OPL) applications.
Web expansion includes various objective parameters such as storage devices, descriptive machines and third party optimization algorithms, making the web bulky and stacked for dynamic search results. ...Thus, web search optimization technique research provides various solutions. In this paper, a sentimental tweets segregation and classification based on content is proposed under the objective of web minimization for optimized search results. The methodology includes K Nearest Neighbouring (KNN) approach for extraction of similar tweets strength using the pre-learnt logs threshold values. Thus, appended to proposed novel framework designed for pattern extraction with respect to tweets logs and producing a results with 97.82% accuracy via real-time tweeter logs. The proposed framework is expanded towards pre-processed datasets of major social networking platforms to retrieve higher order of accuracy. The resultant outcomes are processed under reinforcement based machine learning for web minimization with an incurred enhancement of 1.75 refreshing rate with 4G LTE bandwidth.
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