On islands and in island communities, especially smaller and more isolated ones, epidemics were often of greater intensity and left more significant consequences than on the mainland. The unique ...characteristics of an island (size, remoteness, isolation, small population size, and several manageable access points) affect the transmission of mainland epidemics and their frequency. The current global COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity to investigate how the infection and epidemiological measures affected the life and death of island communities. The pandemic has brought mass death into our daily lives and altered the way people grieve, commemorate and remember their deceased. This paper presents the experiences and feelings of people during the COVID-19 pandemic on Croatian islands, with a focus on death, funerals, mourning, and the loss of family members. Due to the impossibility of carrying out the usual practices related to the funeral because of COVID-19 restrictions, the process of mourning and dealing with the loss of loved ones was difficult. Island communities accepted the new rules and adapted to the new circumstances but indicated that island-specific and more flexible crisis management should be applied during this health crisis. Some epidemiological measures, such as social distancing, internal island travel restrictions, and reduced gatherings, were highlighted by islanders as challenging and sometimes unnecessarily strict for some islands and their specific situations. For family members of those who died from COVID-19, additional factors and challenges have complicated their loss. Digital and social media were used to connect people and helped in coping with mourning in solitude and isolation. In this global pandemic, island communities responded to the impact of pandemic crises and adapted to new circumstances of the “new normal”.
Na otocima i u otočnim zajednicama, posebno onim manjim i izoliranijim, epidemije su često bile jačega intenziteta te ostavljale znatne posljedice. Otočne posebnosti (veličina, udaljenost, izolacija, male populacije i jednostavno kontrolirane pristupne točke) utjecala su na prijenos epidemija s kopna i na njihovu učestalost. Trenutačna pandemija bolesti COVID-19 prilika je za istraživanje kako su zaraza i protuepidemijske mjere utjecale na život i smrt otočnih zajednica. U ovome radu prikazana su iskustva i osjećaji ljudi tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 na hrvatskim otocima, s fokusom na umiranje, sprovode, tugovanje i gubitak članova obitelji. Zbog nemogućnosti provođenja uobičajenih praksa vezanih za pogreb, bili su otežani procesi tugovanja i nošenje s gubitkom bliskih osoba. Otočne zajednice prihvatile su nova pravila i prilagodile se novim okolnostima, ali su istaknule da je tijekom ove zdravstvene krize trebalo primijeniti otočno specifičnije i fleksibilnije upravljanje krizom. Neke epidemiološke mjere, kao što su fizička udaljenost, ograničenja putovanja unutar otoka i smanjenje broja ljudi na javnim okupljanjima, otočani su naveli kao izazovne i katkad nepotrebno stroge za pojedine otoke i njihove specifične situacije. Članovi obitelji onih koji su umrli od bolesti COVID-19 imali su dodatne čimbenike i izazove koji su komplicirali gubitak. Digitalni i društveni mediji korišteni su za povezivanje ljudi i pomogli su u suočavanju s izazovima tugovanja u samoći i izolaciji. U ovoj globalnoj pandemiji otočne zajednice odgovorile su na utjecaje pandemijskih kriza i prilagodile se novim okolnostima novoga normalnog.
The horse is central to many Indigenous cultures across the American Southwest and the Great Plains. However, when and how horses were first integrated into Indigenous lifeways remain contentious, ...with extant models derived largely from colonial records. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of an assemblage of historic archaeological horse remains, integrating genomic, isotopic, radiocarbon, and paleopathological evidence. Archaeological and modern North American horses show strong Iberian genetic affinities, with later influx from British sources, but no Viking proximity. Horses rapidly spread from the south into the northern Rockies and central plains by the first half of the 17th century CE, likely through Indigenous exchange networks. They were deeply integrated into Indigenous societies before the arrival of 18th-century European observers, as reflected in herd management, ceremonial practices, and culture.
U članku su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja groblja i crkve Sv. Stjepana u Pustijerni u Dubrovniku, provedenog 2011. i 2012. godine, koje je obuhvatilo cijelo područje unutar crkve te segment ...groblja koje ju je okruživalo. Istraživanjem je raščlanjeno nekoliko razvojnih faza crkve od kojih su predromanička i romanička najvažnije. Utvrđeno je da je svaka od njih imala svoje pridruženo groblje. Crkva je također bila u upotrebi u gotičkom, renesansnom i baroknom periodu. Ukupno su defi nirane 34 grobne cjeline različitog tipa, a unutar cjelina i uz njih nađeni su raznovrsni nalazi. Cjelokupni inventar nalaza datira od antike do novog vijeka. Crkva je napuštena nakon što se urušila u Velikom potresu 1667. godine, no ruševine crkve i poslije su bile korištene za različite svrhe. Radiokarbonsko datiranje kosturnih ostataka dalo je rezultate od početka 9. do kraja 13. stoljeća, a grobni prilozi i nalazi svjedoče i o novovjekovnom periodu. Grobovi su različitih tipova, a nekoliko grobova sadržavalo je nalaze koji su omogućili njihovu užu determinaciju. Antropološkom analizom obuhvaćen je dio pronađenih osteoloških ostataka iz relativno očuvanih grobnih cjelina, čime su utvrđeni ostaci 83 osobe, od čega 41 odrasle i 42 djece. Pregledom kosturnih ostataka evidentirane su i patološke promjene nastale za vrijeme njihova života.
The majority of the Early Iron Age cremation graves of women near the Middle Danube in northeast Croatia and northwest Serbia, in the cemeteries of Batina, Dalj, Vukovar, Sotin and Doroslovo, ...contained an urn, a set of ceramic vessels, and sometimes costume accessories and additional jewellery items, such as hair bands, pendants, or fibulae. The present paper uses interdisciplinary analysis and interpretation to examine the chronology of graves 101 and 105 from the cemetery of Batina and the role of the women in the community that lived on the site in the Early Iron Age.
The rise and fall of the Roman Empire was a socio-political process with enormous ramifications for human history. The Middle Danube was a crucial frontier and a crossroads for population and ...cultural movement. Here, we present genome-wide data from 136 Balkan individuals dated to the 1st millennium CE. Despite extensive militarization and cultural influence, we find little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent. However, we trace a large-scale influx of people of Anatolian ancestry during the Imperial period. Between ∼250 and 550 CE, we detect migrants with ancestry from Central/Northern Europe and the Steppe, confirming that “barbarian” migrations were propelled by ethnically diverse confederations. Following the end of Roman control, we detect the large-scale arrival of individuals who were genetically similar to modern Eastern European Slavic-speaking populations, who contributed 30%–60% of the ancestry of Balkan people, representing one of the largest permanent demographic changes anywhere in Europe during the Migration Period.
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•A frontier region of ancient Rome was as cosmopolitan as the imperial center•Genetic proof that migrants identified as Goths were ethnically diverse confederations•Slavic-speaking migrants account for 30%–60% of the ancestry of Balkan peoples today•A model for integrating archaeology with genetics
Genome-wide data from 146 ancient Balkan individuals dating to the 1st millennium CE, together with detailed archaeological information, reveals internal migratory patterns during the Roman Empire and documents the demographic impact of Early Medieval Slavic migrations that significantly contributed to the present-day Balkan gene pool.
Smrt je kao dio svakodnevnog života u vrijeme pandemije češća i prisutnija, čime su njezina percepcija i doživljaj znatno intenzivniji. Tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 smrt je zbog svakodnevnih ...izvještaja o broju umrlih, njihovoj dobi, spolu i mjestu gdje su preminuli postala masovna i vidljivija, ušla je u našu svakodnevicu. Brojni su izazovi koji prate proces umiranja, suočavanja sa smrću i tugovanjem tijekom pandemije. Službene protuepidemijske mjere obuhvaćaju niz pravila o postupanju s pokojnicima. Osim smjernica za zdravstvene djelatnike, uvedene su promjene vezane uz pogrebe i ispraćaje umrlih osoba. Nova pravila ograničavala su broj sudionika, ali i ukinula neke obrede i običaje vezane uz smrt i postupanje s tijelom. Analizirali smo pravila koja su donesena u Republici Hrvatskoj s obzirom na poštovanje kulturnih specifičnosti, tradicija sahrane i pogrebnih običaja. Preporuke su uključivale tihi sprovod u najužem obiteljskom krugu i žalovanje u samoći i izolaciji. To je dovelo do promjena u pogrebnim obredima i običajima te u obrascima tugovanja. Koristeći kvalitativnu metodologiju i pristup u radu iznosimo iskustva i osjećaje osoba koje su tijekom epidemije bolesti COVID-19 i karantene u Hrvatskoj (od 20. ožujka do 6. svibnja 2020. godine) doživjele smrt i pogrebe bliskih osoba. Ožalošćeni članovi obitelji prihvatili su nova pravila i prilagodili im se modificirajući postupak tugovanja, ali i uvodeći nove prakse. Umiranje i tugovanje u samoći istaknuti su kao najspornija mjesta, a nedostatak poznatih običaja, tradicija i praksi tugovanja uzrokovao je osjećaj nesigurnosti, pa čak i krivnje kod ožalošćenih.
Diet often plays a vital role in defining social divisions within and between social groups and thus can be used to understand the social paradigms of archeological cultures. During the Early Avar ...period (568–630 A.D.), burial evidence indicates that there were strong demarcations of social stratification and divisions between sexes and age groups; however, the symbols of intra-population heterogeneity become increasingly rare during the Late Avar period (680–822 A.D.). In this study, we investigate social differences expressed through diet in the cemetery population from Nuštar, eastern Croatia (eighth to early ninth century), to determine whether dietary social disparities existed during the Late Avar period in this region. Stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ
13
C) and nitrogen (δ
15
N) from bone and dentine collagen shows no dietary differences, neither between high, middle, and low status individuals, nor between males, females, and juveniles. These results likely reflect the outcome of the social homogenization process that began after the failed Avar attack on Constantinople in 626 A.D. Geographical patterning is visible when the data from Nuštar is compared to data from other Middle and Late Avar sites. While Avar sites in the southern and south-eastern frontiers of the Avar qaganate do not display dietary differences between sexes, previous isotopic work on populations in Lower Austria shows that males consumed a higher proportion of animal protein than females. This is likely the result of Frankish influence and reflects diversity in social practices within the Avar qaganate itself during the Middle and Late Avar periods.
On the territory of modern Zagreb, Croatia, several locations of historical cemeteries exist without visible markers of remains on the surface. Although forgotten and hidden, they are undetectably ...integrated into city's everyday life. This paper aims to identify specific requirements and challenges in the design of 'dark' tourist experiences using the setting of such hidden Zagreb historical cemeteries. The main instrument used to shape a tourist experience is the experience economy model (EEM) and heritage tourism represents the perfect setting because heritage's intrinsic values are immanently related to experiences. The second generation EEM served as the theoretical basis for the research and the research methodology included archival research, participant observation, and focus group discussions. Hidden cemeteries, if discovered and disclosed, can provoke many impressions and agitate meanings. Experience design should avoid theming the experience which could provoke fear, discomfort and uneasiness but should relate to positive connotations: curiosity, desire for learning in an exciting and amusing environment, an honouring the deceased.
Congenital anomalies develop during intrauterine development. They can occur in soft tissues as well as skeletal elements and vary from minor to life threatening. In this paper we present a case of ...an individual from the Neolithic site of Vinka, Croatia. This adult male exhibited multiple congenital anomalies on cranial and postcranial skeleton. These include several rib anomalies on the right side: hyperplasia of the third rib, bifid fourth rib and flaring of the eighth rib. Additionally, lambdoid ossicles, parastyle of the second maxillary molar and supracondylar processes of the humeri are present. In this study we put emphasis on rib anomalies, very rarely reported in archaeological settings, and compare them to clinical cases.
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