We report a new one-dimensional tube-like atomically precise silver-thiolate polymer–chain. The structure consists of Ag14(SR)18 as the building units. Silver atoms are linked with the thiol ligand ...to form the one-dimensional structure. The non-covalent interactions like argentophilic and C–H···H–C interactions appear as crucial for the long-range structural arrangement. Electronic structure calculations show its semiconductor-type band structure with a band gap of about 2 eV. Conductivity measurements on the single crystal implies its facile charge transfer pathway along the one-dimensional chain. The variation of conductivity between the single crystal and the drop-cast film implies the role of argentophilic and C–H···H–C interactions in the preferred charge transfer pathway.
Tropical cyclone intensity estimation is a challenging task as it required domain knowledge while extracting features, significant pre-processing, various sets of parameters obtained from satellites, ...and human intervention for analysis. The inconsistency of results, significant pre-processing of data, complexity of the problem domain, and problems on generalizability are some of the issues related to intensity estimation. In this study, we design a deep convolutional neural network architecture for categorizing hurricanes based on intensity using graphics processing unit. Our model has achieved better accuracy and lower root-mean-square error by just using satellite images than 'state-of-the-art' techniques. Visualizations of learned features at various layers and their deconvolutions are also presented for understanding the learning process.
Corrosion of metal structures and consumer products has been a significant problem since the start of the industrial revolution. However, the inhibition and prevention of corrosion have only been an ...active area of study in the last century. The need for smart and functional coatings has recently become a large area of interest due to the ability of these coatings to be adapted to a variety of materials, mechanical and chemical conditions, and sporadic environmental conditions. One of the most viable methods by which corrosion can be prevented is through coatings. Self-healing coatings demonstrate a novel method of autonomic repair for microcracks using self-healing polymers encapsulated with polymerizable species into microparticles and nanoparticles. Additionally, these microparticles and nanoparticles can also be loaded with corrosion inhibitors that are released upon mechanical or chemical damage, thereby reducing corrosion. The use of superhydrophobic coatings leads to improved corrosion resistance due to the modification of the wettability of the coating, thereby changing its hydrophilic or hydrophobic response. This review details and provides a new perspective on self-healing and superhydrophobic coatings as well as future outlooks.
Tribology involves the study of friction, wear, lubrication, and adhesion, including biomimetic superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces. The three aspects of icephobicity are the low ice adhesion, ...repulsion of incoming water droplets prior to freezing, and delayed frost formation. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are not always icephobic, the theoretical mechanisms behind icephobicity are similar to the entropically driven hydrophobic interactions. The growth of ice crystals in saturated vapor is partially governed by entropically driven diffusion of water molecules to definite locations similarly to hydrophobic interactions. The ice crystal formation can be compared to protein folding controlled by hydrophobic forces. Surface topography and surface energy can affect both the icephobicity and hydrophobicity. By controlling these properties, micro/nanostructured icephobic concrete was developed. The concrete showed ice adhesion strength one order of magnitude lower than regular concrete and could repel incoming water droplets at −5 °C. The icephobic performance of the concrete can be optimized by controlling the sand and polyvinyl alcohol fiber content.
We demonstrate the viability of using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for facial recognition of meteorological phenomena in satellite imagery. Transfer learning was used to fine tune the widely ...used VGG-16 network architecture and allow the network to successfully detect (94% accuracy) the presence of transverse cirrus bands (TCBs) in NASA MODIS and VIIRS satellite browse imagery. The CNN exhibited better performance compared to a random forest classifier (84% accuracy) and was further validated by applying it to NASA satellite browse imagery in order to create a multi-year (2013–2015) global heat map of TCB occurrence. The annual heat map shows spatial patterns that are consistent with known mechanisms for the generation of TCBs, providing confidence in the CNN classifications. Our study shows that CNNs are well suited for meteorological phenomena detection due to their generalization capabilities and strong performance. An immediate application of our work intends to enable phenomena-based search of big satellite imagery databases. With additional modifications, the CNN could be utilized for other applications such as providing situational awareness to operational forecasters or developing phenomena specific climatologies.
•We trained a deep CNN to detect transverse cirrus bands (TCB) in satellite imagery.•Transfer learning was utilized to allow training on a small dataset.•Network performed with an accuracy of 93.9% on a test set of 1098 images.•Evaluated network on a years worth (288,000 images) of GIBS browse imagery.•Locations where TCB are identified are consistent with findings from manual analysis.
Many plastics show necking and drawing behavior in tension, sometimes called “cold drawing”. In contrast, elastomers stretch homogeneously in tension. We examine the tensile behavior of ...rubber–plastic laminate composites using 3D finite element simulations and an analytical model. A rate-independent constitutive behavior was adopted in which the modulus at small-strain, strain hardening at large strain, and yield stress (only for the plastic) can all be varied independently. For sufficiently small rubber/plastic thickness ratio, layered composites show necking and drawing wherein a tensile bar coexists in two strain states, one with a large stretch (necked region) and the other with a modest stretch (unnecked region). With increasing rubber/plastic thickness ratio, the two strain states approach each other in a manner resembling a second order phase transition culminating in a critical point. Above this critical rubber/plastic thickness ratio, the layered composites stretch homogeneously. An analytical model based on adding the First Piola–Kirchoff stresses of the rubber and plastic layers, along with a modification for inelastic deformation, is shown to capture most of the results of 3D simulations accurately. We comment on the practical relevance of these results to toughening relatively brittle plastics, and more specifically, the critical importance of strain hardening of the rubber.
From Open Data to Open Science Ramachandran, Rahul; Bugbee, Kaylin; Murphy, Kevin
Earth and space science,
20/May , Letnik:
8, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The open science movement continues to gain momentum, attention, and discussion. However, there are a number of different interpretations, viewpoints, and perspectives as to what the term “open ...science” means. In this study, we define open science as a collaborative culture enabled by technology that empowers the open sharing of data, information, and knowledge within the scientific community and the wider public to accelerate scientific research and understanding. As science has become increasingly data driven, data programs now play a critical role in enabling and accelerating open science.
In this study, we describe specific actions that data programs can take to make the open science paradigm shift a reality. These actions range from implementing open data and software policies to reimaging data systems that move data out of organizational silos and into cyberinfrastructures that enable efficient research processes and accelerate knowledge dissemination. There are still a number of obstacles to be overcome by data programs which range from mitigating the risk of open data misuse to overcoming the inertia of legacy systems. Data programs need to support open science through the thoughtful development of open policies, systematic investment in innovative and collaborative infrastructures, and the promotion of cultural change. On the other hand, individual researchers play an equally important role by serving as advocates for open science principles and by adopting a number of best practices outlined in this study. By working together, a new and more open age of scientific research can be achieved to benefit science and society.
Key Points
Open science is a collaborative culture enabled by technology that empowers the open sharing of data, information, and knowledge within the scientific community and the wider public to accelerate scientific research and understanding
This study provides a synopsis of various open science activities occurring throughout the community and synthesizes those activities around three broad open science focus areas
Science has become increasingly data driven, and data programs now play a critical role in enabling and accelerating open science
Data programs can set strategic policies and directions that are critical to enabling and promoting open science
Most of the genome is transcribed to transcripts of no protein-coding potential. However, these transcripts do not represent transcriptional ‘noise’, rather they play an important role in cellular ...metabolism and development. Non-coding transcripts of 200 bases to 100 kb length are termed as long non-coding RNAs, majority of which are yet to be characterised thoroughly. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in cellular process ranging from transcriptional to post-transcriptional regulation. In this review, we highlight the recent efforts to characterise the major functions of lncRNAs in breast cancer. lncRNA expression is altered in several cancer types. Further, the aberrant regulation of lncRNAs promotes tumour development as they are involved in several cancer-associated pathways.
The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the wetting and corrosion behavior of a commercially available superhydrophobic coating was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to ...probe the interface between the substrate and coating, the coating and air layer, and the air layer and electrolyte. It was shown that EIS could effectively be used to study how hydrostatic pressure affects the interface between the coating and electrolyte. Hydrostatic pressure was induced in the system using a modified experimental setup and it was shown that EIS could be used to study the wetting state transition. It was observed that the presence of an air layer at the coating and electrolyte interface is what affects the coating performance and the application of hydrostatic pressure deteriorates the protective properties of the coating. Electrical equivalent circuits were applied to determine the contributions of the air layer to the overall corrosion performance of the system. A phenomenological model has also been presented that represents the mechanism that occurs at the coating and electrolyte interface as the wetting state transition occurs.
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