Histogram equalization (HE) is widely used for contrast enhancement. However, it tends to change the brightness of an image and hence, not suitable for consumer electronic products, where preserving ...the original brightness is essential to avoid annoying artifacts. Bi-histogram equalization (BBHE) has been proposed and analyzed mathematically that it can preserve the original brightness to a certain extends. However, there are still cases that are not handled well by BBHE, as they require higher degree of preservation. This paper proposes a novel extension of BBHE referred to as minimum mean brightness error bi-histogram equalization (MMBEBHE) to provide maximum brightness preservation. BBHE separates the input image's histogram into two based on input mean before equalizing them independently. This paper proposes to perform the separation based on the threshold level, which would yield minimum absolute mean brightness error (AMBE - the absolute difference between input and output mean). An efficient recursive integer-based computation for AMBE has been formulated to facilitate real time implementation. Simulation results using sample image which represent images with very low, very high and medium mean brightness show that the cases which are not handled well by HE, BBHE and dualistic sub image histogram equalization (DSIHE), can be properly enhanced by MMBEBHE. Besides, MMBEBHE also demonstrate comparable performance with BBHE and DSIHE when come to use the sample images show in Yeong-Taeg Kim, February 1997 and Yu Wan et al., October 5 1999.
The low of students' critical thinking skills has occurred as results of the teaching materials used by teachers have yet to neither accustom students to perform reasoning nor facilitate students in ...developing critical thinking skills. Both of these conditions can be fulfilled by interactive multimedia teaching materials based on discovery learning with games. Interactive multimedia teaching materials that are developed consist of handout and students worksheet. This research is aimed to develop interactive multimedia teaching materials based on discovery learning with games in linear motion and Newton's Laws to increase high school students' critical thinking skills with validity, practicality, and effectiveness criteria. Research and development type with 4D model consists of four steps that are defined, design, develop, and disseminate is adopted in this research. The data types are interactive multimedia validity which is graded by validators, practicality from teacher and students, and effectiveness concerning students' critical thinking skills after using interactive multimedia teaching materials. Research result showed that interactive multimedia teaching materials were found to be valid, practical, and effective. Furthermore, in disseminating step, the obtained result showed that interactive multimedia teaching materials were found to be effective in increasing students' critical thinking skills. Therefore, interactive multimedia teaching materials based on discovery learning with games have fulfilled validity, practicality, and effectiveness criteria also can be used in another class.
Abstract
Achieving the competency of students’ knowledge in learning Physics is still not optimal. This is due to the lack of available teaching materials that fit the needs of students, teaching ...materials available are only in the form of printed teaching materials and there is no approach in them, and learning has not been entirely centered on students who demonstrate lack of independence in learning. Utilization of technology is one of the efforts to facilitate learning in accordance with the needs of students by developing non-printed teaching materials in the form of a student ebook based on the STEM approach. The purpose of this study was to produce a student ebook based on a valid STEM approach. This type of research is research and development using the ADDIE model. The method used in this research is descriptive statistics. Student ebook validity was assessed by four experts using a validity questionnaire. The validity of the student ebook was analyzed using the formula Aiken’s V. The results of the validation showed that the aspect of the validity of the material substance was 0.89; visual display 0.92; and learning design 0.88. Based on the data analysis that has been done, student ebooks get an average value of 0.90 in the valid category. Thus, the student ebook based on the STEM approach can be implemented in physics learning to improve students’ knowledge competence.
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) the problem of education has received much attention in recent years. With STEM education, individuals can compete globally to deal with more ...complex changes or advancements. Learning with STEM approach is actually able to train students to be able to communicate, collaborate, critical thinking and problem solving, as well as creativity and innovation so that learners will be able to face global challenges. In this paper, we report on the study of literature studies by finding reference to theories relevant to the cases or problems found. This review is based on a number of empirical and conceptual journal articles on STEM published recently. The results of this review will be used as the theoretical reference to serving as the basic foundation and the main tool for the development of learning modules in accordance with the STEM approach in physics learning.
In the 21st century, education plays a very important and strategic role in building a knowledgeable society that is literate technology and media, communicating effectively, critical thinking, ...solving problems and collaborating. The need to emphasize science, engineering, technology, and mathematics (STEM) subjects in school settings to improve 21st-century skills (such as critical thinking, creativity, curiosity, and collaboration) of individuals, began to use appropriate approaches has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers worldwide. In this paper, we report the literature study by searching and evaluating relevant materials to synthesize information from various sources related to the STEM approach in physics learning. The results of this review will be used as the theoretical reference for the development of the student worksheet using the STEM approach for the student in physics learning.
Design for Upgradability (DfU) is one of remanufacturing strategies that extend the product lifetime through the functional enrichment of the product. Multiple Life Cycle products (MLPs) are designed ...with ease-of-upgrade features to allow for product upgrading to be made once the product is not functioning or becomes obsolete. To date, researches on product upgradability have generally focussed on the design features and the attributes of upgradability. However, there have been limited studies on how DfU can be applied concurrently in the product design process with the integration of modelling and optimisation process. This paper is aimed at providing insights on the significance of DfU in product sustainability. A detailed account on the works of earlier researchers that have contributed to the body of knowledge on design upgradability is also presented and discussed. A review on the modelling and optimisation methods commonly deployed in the search for corresponding design alternatives is presented and critically discussed in view of their applicability as tools to choose the best upgradable product design. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research focussing on the tools to enhance design upgradability and their significance in the development of products for multiple life cycles.
•Providing insights into the significance of Design for Upgradability (DfU) for multiple life cycle products.•A review on DfU with the integration of modelling and optimisation to improve the design process of upgradable products.•Suggest the suitable methods for modelling and optimisation in future to be considered in DfU.
Environmental sustainability has become the main items of contest in the automotive industries. Therefore in the order to reduce the environmental impact of end-of-life vehicles, European Union, ...Japan, USA, and Australia laws require manufacturers to take back their products at the end of their useful life and recycle them. In order to enhance the recycling rate of the vehicle, disassemblability of the automotive components has been a major concern. In the chain of end-of-life, except for landfill and incineration, components of economic value destined for reuse, remanufacture, or recycling have first to be disassembled from the end-of-life vehicles. There are several efforts within the academic community to rationalise design for disassembly and recycling, and several attempts by industry to study these issues in the context of specific products. Recent publications offer a broad perspective on recyclability and disassemblability. It is therefore necessary to determine the optimal stage of disassembly, when all economically valuable components are retrieved. This paper presents a review of several disassemblability methods, including spread sheet-like chart, end-of-life value and time for disassembly. The review concludes on the need for an effective disassembly method in order to enhance the recovery of products.
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