, a new bolete genus from tropical forests of Thailand is introduced with
.
as the type species. The genus is unique among Xerocomoideae in producing dark ruby spore deposits. It can be ...differentiated from all other Boletaceae genera by the following combination of characters: pileus surface evenly covered with matted tomentum; stipe surface with evenly scattered minute squamules; golden yellow tubular hymenophore, which is relatively thin especially when young; unchanging surfaces and context when bruised or cut; smooth, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores; and dark ruby spore deposits. The Boletaceae-wide and Xerocomoideae-wide phylogenetic analyses based on four-gene data sets (
6,
3,
2, and
1) support
as monophyletic and places it in Boletaceae subfamily Xerocomoideae. Full descriptions and illustrations of the new genus and species are presented.
The advantages and disadvantages of giving a valid name to a sequence of DNA detected from environmental specimens is presently a hot debate amongst the mycological community. The idea of using ...intracellular DNA (“mgDNA”) from environmental samples as holotypes seems at face value, to be a good idea, considering the expansion of knowledge among these ‘dark taxa’ or ‘dark matter fungi’ that it could provide (i.e. sequence based taxa without physical specimens and formal nomenclature). However, the limitations of using mgDNA as holotypes needs careful thought, i.e. can we use a short mgDNA fragment, which may contain a small amount of genetic information, to allow discrimination between species? What is the point and are the potential problems of giving valid scientific names to mgDNA? Numerous mycologists and taxonomists, who have many years of experience working on the taxonomy and phylogeny of different groups of fungi, are concerned about the consequences of providing valid names to mgDNA. There has been much debate, through several publications on the considerable problems of using mgDNA as holotypes. The proponents have tried to debate the virtues of using mgDNA as holotypes. Those against have shown that identification to species using mgDNA does not work in many fungal groups, while those for have shown cases where species can be identified with mgDNA. Different disciplines have different reasons and opinions for using mgDNA as holotypes, however even groups of the same disciplines have dissimilar ideas. In this paper we explore the use of mgDNA as holotypes. We provide evidences and opinions as to the use of mgDNA as holotypes from our own experiences. In no way do we attempt to degrade the study of DNA from environmental samples and the expansion of knowledge in to the dark taxa, but relate the issues to fungal taxonomy. In fact we show the value of using sequence data from these approaches, in dealing with the discovery of already named taxa, taxa numbers and ecological roles. We discuss the advantages and the pitfalls of using mgDNA from environmental samples as holotypes. The impacts of expanding the nomenclatural concept to allow using mgDNA from environmental samples as holotypes are also discussed. We provide evidence from case studies on
Botryosphaeria
,
Colletotrichum
,
Penicillium
and
Xylaria
. The case studies show that we cannot use mgDNA due to their short fragments and the fact that most ITS sequence data presently result from environmental sequencing. We conclude from the evidence that it is highly undesirable to use mgDNA as holotypes in naming fungal species. If this approach adopted, it would result in numerous problems where species identification cannot be confirmed due to limited sequence data available for the holotypes. We also propose an alternative DNA-based system for naming DNA based species which would provide considerably less problems and should be adopted.
is the most diverse genus in the group of oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa (Physalacriaceae). This genus has a worldwide distribution with records mostly from Europe and America. Asian taxa are least ...represented. In this paper on
from Thailand, two novel species are introduced, and a
collection affine to
is described. Macro and micromorphological characters are described. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed on combined ITS and nrLSU regions to confirm taxonomical placement and infer the phylogenetic affinities of the studied species.
sp. nov. is straw-yellow, with medium-sized basidiomata, abundant and diverse in form cheilocystidia, few, narrowly lageniform to fusiform pleurocystidia, and clamp connections at the lower part of the stipe.
sp. nov. has mostly utriform pleurocystidia and 2-spored basidia. In the inferred phylogenies, the new species from this study formed distinct clades well supported by bootstrap proportions and posterior probabilities. The studied specimen affine to
produced 2-spored basidia whereas published descriptions of other specimens mention 4-spored basidia. Moreover, the genetic distance between ITS sequences of this specimen and that of a
specimen from GenBank was 1.30-2.57%. Therefore, the conspecificity of our specimen with
is uncertain, and additional specimens are needed to fully confirm its identity.
Morphological characters and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses were used to identify Retiboletus specimens collected in northern Thailand. Retiboletus brevibasidiatus is described as new to science, ...whereas R. fuscus and R. nigrogriseus are reported for the first time from Thailand. Retiboletus brevibasidiatus produces medium-sized basidiomes, with a dark blonde to clay pileus and densely reticulate stipe mostly on the upper part with pale yellow to chrome yellow basal mycelium. It is difficult to separate R. brevibasidiatus from other closely related species on the basis of macroscopic characters. However, the new species can be distinguished by microscopic characters, mostly the shorter basidia. The macro- and micro-morphology of the R. fuscus and R. nigrogriseus collections from Thailand fit well with the previous descriptions of materials from China and Japan. Detailed descriptions, molecular phylogeny, and illustrations of the three species are provided.
We introduce three new
Phylloporus
species,
P. pusillus
,
P. subbacillisporus
and
P. subrubeolus
, from southwestern China and northern Thailand with macro- and micro-descriptions and illustrations. ...They are found mostly in forests dominated by Fagaceae or Dipterocarpaceae trees. A three-gene phylogenetic analysis of the new
Phylloporus
species along with other selected
Phylloporus
species confirmed that all new
Phylloporus
species are related to previously described
Phylloporus
species.
Phylloporus pusillus
and
P. subrubeolus
are morphologically similar, but the former can be separated by very small basidiomata, lamellae becoming deeper yellow to reddish with age and less densely encrusted walls of pileipellis hyphae.
Phylloporus subbacillisporus
can be easily distinguished from other species by shallowly intervenose lamellae and subbacilliform basidiospores.
Phlebopus is a tropical to subtropical genus of basidiomycete mushrooms in the family Boletinellaceae. The genus comprises 17 species, several of which are edible and highly prized in local markets. ...P. portentosus and P. spongiosus, two species with complex trophic mode and ecology, are the only species known to successfully produce basidiomes in cultivation without a host plant. This paper reviews the taxonomy, distribution, ecology and biology, edibility, medicinal properties, nutritional value, and cultivation of Phlebopus species.
The oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa
and
are genera of Basidiomycota that constitute an important resource of bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, ...anti-inflammatory and other bioactivities of their extracts. The bioactive principles can be divided into two major groups: (a) hydrophilic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weights and (b) low molecular medium polar secondary metabolites, such as the antifungal strobilurins. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on biodiversity, cultivation of the fungi and bioactivities of their secondary metabolites and discuss future applications. Although the strobilurins are well-documented, with commercial applications as agrochemical fungicides, there are also other known compounds from this group that have not yet been well-studied. Polysaccharides, dihydro-citrinone phenol A acid, scalusamides, and acetylenic lactones such as xerulin, also have potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal market and should be further explored. Further studies are recommended to isolate high quality bioactive compounds and fully understand their modes of action. Given that only few species of oudemansielloid/xeruloid mushrooms have been explored for their production of secondary metabolites, these taxa represent unexplored sources of potentially useful and novel bioactive metabolites.
Submerged cultures of the edible mushrooms
Phlebopus portentosus
and
Phlebopus spongiosus
were screened for their secondary metabolites by HPLC-UV/Vis and HR-LC-ESI-MS. Two new compounds, ...9′-hydroxyphenyl pulvinone (
1
), containing an unusual pulvinone structure, and phlebopyron (
2
), together with the seven known pigments, atromentic acid (
3
), xerocomic acid (
4
), variegatic acid (
5
), methyl atromentate (
6
), methyl isoxerocomate (
7
), methyl variegatate (
8
), and variegatorubin (
9
) were isolated from the cultures. Their structures were assigned on the basis of extensive 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, as well as HR-ESI-MS, and HR-ESI-MS/MS measurements. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. 9′-hydroxyphenyl pulvinone (
1
), xerocomic acid (
4
), and methyl variegatate (
8
) exhibited weak to moderate cytotoxic activities against several tumor cell lines. The present paper provides a comprehensive characterization of pigments from the class of pulvinic acids that are present in the basidiomes of many edible bolete species.
Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) is a highly diverse genus of poroid ectomycorrhizal mushrooms with a nearly worldwide distribution. Previous attempts to unravel the diversity within this genus ...proved difficult due to the presence of semicryptic species and ambiguous results from analysis of ribosomal RNA markers. In this study, we employ a combined morphotaxonomic and phylogenetic approach to delimit species and elucidate geographic and evolutionary patterns in Gyroporus. For phylogenetic analyses, the protein-coding genes atp6 (mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate ATP synthase subunit 6) and rpb2 (nuclear second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) were selected based on their utility in studies of Boletales. We infer several distinct clades, most notably one corresponding to G. castaneus as a speciose Northern Hemisphere group, another unifying G. cyanescens and like entities, and a third group unifying G. longicystidiatus and a New World sister species. Also notable is the recovery of a sister relationship between the cyanescens and longicystidiatus clades. We formally describe five new species of Gyroporus, outline a number of provisional species, and briefly discuss distributional patterns. This study provides an important scaffold for future work on this well-known but poorly understood genus of fungi.
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