Acaricide resistance is a major obstacle to the control of Rhipicephalus microplus. Historically, the indiscriminate use of chemical compounds has contributed to the selection of populations ...resistant to different classes of acaricides. Therefore, multiple acaricide resistance is an important threat to the chemical control of the cattle tick. To investigate the occurrence and extent of multiple resistance to acaricides in Southern Brazil we performed larval tests with cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, amitraz, fipronil and ivermectin on 104 cattle tick field samples from different ranches in Rio Grande do Sul, between the years 2013 and 2015. Adult immersion tests with a commercial formulation mixture of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin were performed on 75 samples. Four levels of resistance were established according to the mortality of larvae: Level I: mortality between 82% and 95%; Level II: mortality between 57% and 82%; Level III: mortality between 25% and 57%; and Level IV: mortality lower than 25%. Resistance to cypermethrin was detected in 98.08% of the samples evaluated, mostly at resistance level IV. The frequency of samples resistant to amitraz, chlorpyriphos, ivermectin and fipronil was 76.92%, 60.58%, 60.58% and 53.85% respectively. Multiple resistance to three or more compounds was found in 78.85% of the samples. The results obtained in this study are alarming and reveal a new scenario for the challenge of tick control using chemicals. This is an issue of high importance to cattle production systems where this tick is responsible for a high economic impact.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by increased resistance of the pulmonary vasculature and afterload imposed on the right ventricle (RV). Two major contributors to the worsening ...of this disease are oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment. This study aimed to explore the effects of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH on redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in the RV and brain and how circulating extracellular vesicle (EV) signaling is related to these phenomena. Wistar rats were divided into control and MCT groups (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and EVs were isolated from blood on the day of euthanasia (21 days after MCT injections). There was an oxidative imbalance in the RV, brain, and EVs of MCT rats. PAH impaired mitochondrial function in the RV, as seen by a decrease in the activities of mitochondrial complex II and citrate synthase and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) protein expression, but this function was preserved in the brain. The key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, namely, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and sirtuin 1, were poorly expressed in the EVs of MCT rats, and this result was positively correlated with MnSOD expression in the RV and negatively correlated with MnSOD expression in the brain. Based on these findings, we can conclude that the RV is severely impacted by the development of PAH, but this pathological injury may signal the release of circulating EVs that communicate with different organs, such as the brain, helping to prevent further damage through the upregulation of proteins involved in redox and mitochondrial function.
Morphological revision of Fulvifomes robiniae, as well as phylogenetic inferences based on nITS and nLSU markers, indicated that the species has a narrower concept in its morphology and distribution. ...Other morphologically related taxa arise from this taxonomic approach. Fulvifomes cedrelae is not accepted as a synonym of F. robiniae, and Fulvifomes squamosus sp. nov. is described as new based on Peruvian specimens. Based on morphology, phylogenetic relationships and host distributions, the taxonomic implication for the genus and other related taxa are discussed.
The Neotropical species
Fomitiporia apiahyna
was repeatedly shown to form a lineage with multiple sublineages that could correspond to different phylogenetic species, hence forming a highly diverse ...species complex. Due to their inconspicuous morphological features, species delimitation in this complex needs an integrative taxonomic perspective. In this study, we have performed multilocus molecular (ITS, ncLSU,
TEF
-1α, and
RPB2
) analyses in order to delimit the phylogenetic placement of specimens previously determined as
F
.
apiahyna
and to determine the phylogenetic diversity in term of clades that could be equated to species. Both morphological, ecological, and distribution data have been integrated to better delimit species boundaries. The
F
.
apiahyna
sensu lato lineage was shown to encompass four clades, corresponding to the four species:
F
.
apiahyna
sensu stricto, which is confirmed based on specimens originating from the type locality and here epitypified;
F
.
nubicola
sp. nov., proposed based on specimens found on
Drimys angustifolia
and
Drimys
sp., a relic plant species distributed exclusively in fragmented forests of high altitude areas in southern Brazil;
F
.
conyana
sp. nov., proposed from specimens previously suggested as the closest to
F
.
apiahyna
s.s.; and
F
.
murrilli
sp. nov., proposed based on specimens found on the locally exotic
Eucalyptus
sp. and another undefined angiosperm in southern Brazil. Additionally,
Phellinus elegans
emerged from the synonymy of
F
.
apiahyna
and the new combination
Fomitiporia elegans
is proposed. An identification key to the Neotropical species with pileate basidioma also is provided. Phylogenetically delimited species are strongly supported by ecological data, and in the case of
F. conyana
by clear-cut morphological data. It is expected that, with the redefinition of
F
.
apiahyna
s.s., other phylogenetic species will emerge in the near future.
The potential to produce ethanol and xylitol from xylose by the macro basidiomycete
Trametes membranacea
was evaluated. All strains studied showed ethanol and xylitol production. The highest ethanol ...production of xylose was obtained by
T. membranacea
strain TM158/10 with 5.65 ± 0.21 g/L at pH 4 and 28 °C with 288 h of fermentation and 5.59 ± 0.05 g/L ethanol concentration at pH 5 and 24 °C with 360 h of fermentation. When the conversion was carried out using sugars generated from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, there were higher yields from 74 to 15% for ethanol and xylitol, respectively. Although the ethanol and xylitol production need to be optimized, this study showed for the first time the possibility of using
T. membranacea
for the simultaneous xylitol and ethanol production from pentose sugars, allowing for the possibility of using all released sugars during the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses.
Summary
In the search for new biodegradable materials is found the combination of natural fibers with conventional polymeric materials or biodegradable polymers. The incorporation of natural fibers ...to thermoplastic polymer matrix is associated with improvement of their properties due to advantages such as the fact that the natural fibers are biodegradable and less abrasive when compared to synthetic fibers. The materials produced with conventional synthetic polymers are considered inert to immediate attack of microorganisms, as thermoplastic polymers used in this research, PP (polypropylene) and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate). Thus, this study aims to evaluate the potential for biodegradation of wood plastic composites (WPC) obtained through the use of post‐consumer bottle caps and wood flour. The monitoring was conducted through cultivation of different species of fungi (basidiomycetes) on different substrates, being made by gravimetric analysis and visual monitoring of the composites, in order to assess that species of fungus has increased growth kinetics and its relation with different kinds of wood and then have an estimate of the potential biotic degradation of these materials. Based on results presented here, it is concluded that the Trametes villosa (TV) fungi is that best interacted with the wood contained in the composite in both species of Eucalyptus grandis (Eu) as Pinus elliottii (Pi).
In the survey of polypores from Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, accomplished from March 2007 to March 2009, 44 species were identified. Identification keys and remarks about all the ...species are given. Full descriptions and illustrations of Datronia caperata, Junghuhnia polycystidifera, Oxyporus obducens, Phellinus umbrinellus, Phylloporia frutica and Tinctoporellus epimiltinus are presented. Tinctoporellus epimiltinus is a new records from Rio Grande do Sul.
No levantamento de fungos poróides do Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, realizado entre os meses de março de 2007 e março de 2009, 44 espécies foram identificadas. São apresentadas chaves de identificação e comentários sobre todas as espécies. Descrições completas e ilustrações de Datronia caperata, Junghuhnia polycystidifera, Oxyporus obducens, Phellinus umbrinellus, Phylloporia frutica e Tinctoporellus epimiltinus são apresentadas.Tinctoporellus epimiltinus é uma nova citação para o Rio Grande do Sul.
Este trabalho apresenta um total de 65 espécies de políporos, encontradas em remanescentes florestais de Mata Atlântica, litoral norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos municípios de Dom Pedro de ...Alcântara, Mampituba, Morrinhos do Sul e Torres, em coletas realizadas entre os meses de março de 2007 e fevereiro de 2008. 11 espécies são descritas e ilustradas: Coriolopsis polyzona (Pers.) Ryvarden, Ganoderma neurosporum J.F. Furtado, Ganoderma oerstedii (Fr.) Torrend, Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden, Grammothele lineata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grammothele subargentea (Speg.) Rajchenb., Microporellus iguazuensis Rajchenb., Phellinus undulatus (Murrill) Ryvarden, Trametes cotonea (Pat. & Har.) Ryvarden., Trametes lactinea (Berk.) Sacc. e Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden. M. iguazuensis, uma interessante espécie estipitada descrita para Iguazú, na Argentina, tem seu segundo registro para a ciência e o primeiro para o Brasil. T. cotonea e T. lactinea também são citadas pela primeira vez para o País. C. polyzona, G. neurosporum, G. oerstedii, G. fuligo, P. undulatus e T. pavonia são citadas pela primeira vez para o território do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Grammothele Berk. & M.A. Curtis, assim como uma chave geral para todas as espécies encontradas são também apresentadas.
In the present work, 65 species of polypores are presented; they were collected in a forest remnants of Atlantic Rain Forest, north coast of Rio Grande do Sul State, in the municipalities of Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Mampituba, Morrinhos do Sul and Torres, between March 2007 and February 2008. 11 species are described and illustrated: Coriolopsis polyzona (Pers.) Ryvarden, Ganoderma neurosporum J.F. Furtado, Ganoderma oerstedii (Fr.) Torrend, Grammothele fuligo (Berk. & Broome) Ryvarden, Grammothele lineata Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grammothele subargentea (Speg.) Rajchenb., Microporellus iguazuensis Rajchenb., Phellinus undulatus (Murrill) Ryvarden, Trametes cotonea (Pat. & Har.) Ryvarden., Trametes lactinea (Berk.) Sacc. and Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden. M. iguazuensis, an interesting stipitate polypore described first to argentine Iguazú, are recorded for the second time for the science and first to Brazil. T. cotonea and T. lactinea are also cited for the first time to the Country. C. polyzona, G. neurosporum, G. oerstedii, G. fuligo, P. undulatus and T. pavonia are recorded for the first time to Rio Grande do Sul State. A key for the Grammothele Berk. & M.A. Curtis species, as well a key for all the registered species are given.
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