Metodos Se realizaron busquedas en PubMed, el Centro Internacional de Agricultura y Ciencias Biologicas, la Biblioteca Cochrane y la base de datos de la Web of Science'en busca de documentos sobre la ...profilaxis pre exposicion a la rabia publicados entre 2007 y el 29 de enero de 2016. Se analizaron datos archivados de campanas de profilaxis pre exposicion en Filipinas y Peru.
To review the safety and immunogenicity of pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis (including accelerated schedules, co-administration with other vaccines and booster doses), its cost-effectiveness and ...recommendations for use, particularly in high-risk settings. We searched the PubMed, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for papers on pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis published between 2007 and 29 January 2016. We reviewed field data from pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns in Peru and the Philippines. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis was safe and immunogenic in children and adults, also when co-administered with routine childhood vaccinations and the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. The evidence available indicates that shorter regimens and regimens involving fewer doses are safe and immunogenic and that booster intervals could be extended up to 10 years. The few studies on cost suggest that, at current vaccine and delivery costs, pre-exposure prophylaxis campaigns would not be cost-effective in most situations. Although preexposure prophylaxis has been advocated for high-risk populations, only Peru and the Philippines have implemented appropriate national programmes. In the future, accelerated regimens and novel vaccines could simplify delivery and increase affordability. Pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis is safe and immunogenic and should be considered: (i) where access to postexposure prophylaxis is limited or delayed; (ii) where the risk of exposure is high and may go unrecognized; and (iii) where controlling rabies in the animal reservoir is difficult. Pre-exposure prophylaxis should not distract from canine vaccination efforts, provision of postexposure prophylaxis or education to increase rabies awareness in local communities.// Analyser l'innocuité et l'immunogénicité de la prophylaxie pré-exposition à la rage (notamment le schéma de vaccination accéléré, la co-administration d'autres vaccins et les injections de rappel), son rapport coût-efficacité ainsi que les recommandations d'utilisation, en particulier dans les zones à haut risque. Nous avons recherché, dans les bases de données de PubMed, du Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, de la Cochrane Library et de Web of Science, des articles sur la prophylaxie pré-exposition à la rage publiés entre 2007 et le 29 janvier 2016. Nous avons aussi analysé des données de terrain provenant de campagnes pour la prophylaxie pré-exposition menées au Pérou et aux Philippines. La prophylaxie pré-exposition à la rage était sûre et immunogène pour les enfants et les adultes, même co-administrée avec les vaccins systématiques des enfants et le vaccin contre l'encéphalite japonaise. Les éléments disponibles indiquent que les programmes de vaccination plus courts ainsi que ceux comportant des doses plus faibles sont sûrs et immunogènes et que les intervalles de rappel pourraient aller jusqu'à 10 ans. Selon les rares études sur les coûts, en tenant compte du coût actuel des vaccins et de leur administration, dans la plupart des cas, les campagnes pour la prophylaxie pré-exposition ne seraient pas rentables. Même s'il a été recommandé d'appliquer une prophylaxie pré-exposition dans les populations à haut risque, seuls le Pérou et les Philippines ont mis en oeuvre des programmes nationaux à cet égard. Dans l'avenir, des schémas de vaccination accélérés et de nouveaux vaccins pourraient en simplifier l'administration, à des prix plus abordables. La prophylaxie pré-exposition à la rage est sûre et immunogène et devrait être envisagée: (i) lorsque l'accès à la prophylaxie post-exposition est limité ou tardif; (ii) lorsque le risque d'exposition est élevé et pourrait passer inaperçu; et (iii) lorsqu'il est difficile de lutter contre la rage dans le réservoir animal. La prophylaxie pré-exposition ne doit pas empêcher les efforts de vaccination des chiens, la prophylaxie post-exposition ou la sensibilisation à la prévention de la rage dans les communautés locales.//Analizar la seguridad y la inmunogenicidad de la profilaxis pre exposición a la rabia (incluidos programas acelerados, administración conjunta con otras vacunas y dosis de refuerzo), su rentabilidad y las recomendaciones de uso, especialmente en entornos de alto riesgo. Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed, el Centro Internacional de Agricultura y Ciencias Biológicas, la Biblioteca Cochrane y la base de datos de la Web of Science en busca de documentos sobre la profilaxis pre exposición a la rabia publicados entre 2007 y el 29 de enero de 2016. Se analizaron datos archivados de campañas de profilaxis pre exposición en Filipinas y Perú. La profilaxis pre exposición a la rabia era segura e inmunogénica en niños y adultos, también cuando se administraba en conjunto con vacunas infantiles rutinarias y la vacuna de la encefalitis japonesa. Las pruebas disponibles indican que los regímenes más cortos y los que implican un menor número de dosis son seguros e inmunogénicos, y que los intervalos de refuerzo podrían ampliarse hasta 10 años. Los pocos estudios sobre el coste sugieren que, con los costes actuales de vacunación y suministro, las campañas de profilaxis pre exposición no serían rentables en la mayoría de las situaciones. A pesar de que la profilaxis pre exposición está destinada para poblaciones de alto riesgo, únicamente Filipinas y Perú han implementado los programas nacionales adecuados. En el futuro, los regímenes acelerados y las nuevas vacunas podrían simplificar el suministro y aumentar la asequibilidad. La profilaxis pre exposición a la rabia es segura e inmunogénica y debe tenerse en cuenta: (i) cuando el acceso a la profilaxis post exposición sea limitada o se retrase; (ii) cuando el riesgo de exposición sea alto y pueda pasar desapercibido; y (iii) cuando sea complicado controlar la rabia en una reserva animal. La profilaxis pre exposición no debe apartar la atención de las vacunas caninas, el suministro de profilaxis post exposición o la educación para aumentar la concienciación sobre la rabia en comunidades locales. Reprinted by permission of the World Health Organization
Rabies is an acute fatal encephalitis caused by all members of the Lyssavirus genus. The first human rabies survivor without benefit of prior vaccination was reported from Milwaukee in 2005. We ...report a second unvaccinated patient who showed early recovery from rabies and then died accidentally during convalescence, providing an unparalleled opportunity to examine the histopathology as well as immune and virological correlates of early recovery from human rabies.
Case report, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect and direct fluorescent antibody assays, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, phylogenetic reconstruction, isolation in tissue culture, pathology and immunohistochemistry.
The 9 year old died 76 days after presenting with rabies of vampire bat phylogeny transmitted by cat bite. Antibody response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid was robust and associated with severe cerebral edema. No rabies virus was cultured at autopsy. Rabies virus antigen was atypical in size and distribution. Rabies virus genome was present in neocortex but absent in brainstem.
Clinical recovery was associated with detection of neutralizing antibody and clearance of infectious rabies virus in the central nervous system by 76 days but not clearance of detectable viral subcomponents such as nucleoprotein antigen or RNA in brain.
Dog-to-dog transmission of rabies in Taiwan was eliminated in 1961; the island was considered canine rabies-free for 52 years. On July 16, 2013, three ferret-badgers (Melogale moschata) tested ...positive for rabies by fluorescent antibody testing at the Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture of Taiwan. This was the first time wild animals other than bats were tested. During 1999-2012, a total of 6,841 clinically healthy dogs and five apparently normal cats from shelters were tested and found negative for rabies. During 2009-2012, a total of 322 bats were tested and found negative for rabies.
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by rabies virus, of the genus Lyssavirus. The principal reservoir for rabies in Latin America is the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), which feeds ...routinely on the blood of cattle, and when livestock are scarce, may prey on other mammals, including humans. Although rabies is endemic in common vampire bat populations in Guatemala, there is limited research on the extent of exposure to bats among human populations living near bat refuges.
A random sample of 270 of 473 households (57%) in two communities located within 2 Km of a known bat roost was selected and one adult from each household was interviewed. Exposure to bats (bites, scratches or bare skin contact) was reported by 96 (6%) of the 1,721 residents among the selected households. Of those exposed, 40% received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Four percent of household respondents reported that they would seek rabies post exposure prophylaxis if they were bitten by a bat.
These findings demonstrate that exposure to bats in communities near bat roosts is common but recognition of the potential for rabies transmission from bats is low. There is a need for educational outreach to raise awareness of bat-associated rabies, prevent exposures to bats and ensure appropriate health-seeking behaviours for bat-inflicted wounds, particularly among communities living near bat roosts in Guatemala.
This study evaluated characteristics associated with raccoon (
Procyon lotor) rabies in New York State (NYS), USA, where this disease has been endemic for the last 15 years. The study included 4448 ...cases of raccoon rabies in terrestrial mammals reported across 1639 census tracts of NYS during 1997–2003. A Poisson-regression model with census tract-year as the unit of analysis revealed a higher number of raccoon-variant rabies cases per square kilometer in census tracts with each percent increase in the proportion of low-intensity residential areas (those with a lower concentration of housing units) (RR
=
7.68) and a lack of rivers/lakes (RR
=
1.20) and major roads (RR
=
1.10), while the number of cases decreased with each 1-m increase in land elevation (RR
=
0.998), and each percent increase in the proportion of wetlands (RR
=
0.01). The model was adjusted for county, ecoregion, and latitude to help control for unknown spatially dependent covariates. The model may be used in prioritizing areas for rabies control based on differential risk, including use of costly intervention methods such as oral rabies vaccine.
Although raccoons are widely distributed throughout North America, the raccoon rabies virus variant is enzootic only in the eastern United States, based on current surveillance data. This variant of ...rabies virus is now responsible for >60% of all cases of animal rabies reported in the United States each year. Ongoing national efforts via an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program are aimed at preventing the spread of raccoon rabies. However, from an epidemiologic perspective, the relative susceptibility of naïve geographic localities, adjacent to defined enzootic areas, to support an outbreak, is unknown. In the current study, we tested the ability of a spatial risk model to forecast raccoon rabies spread in presumably rabies-free and enzootic areas. Demographic, environmental, and geographical features of three adjacent states (Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania), which include distinct raccoon rabies free, as well as enzootic areas, were modeled by using a Poisson Regression Model, which had been developed from previous studies of enzootic raccoon rabies in New York State. We estimated susceptibility to raccoon rabies emergence at the census tract level and compared the results with historical surveillance data. Approximately 70% of the disease-free region had moderate to very high susceptibility, compared with 23% in the enzootic region. Areas of high susceptibility for raccoon rabies lie west of current ORV intervention areas, especially in southern Ohio and western West Virginia. Predicted high susceptibility areas matched historical surveillance data. We discuss model implications to the spatial dynamics and spread of raccoon rabies, and its application for designing more efficient disease control interventions.
Abstract In August 2008, CDC and the Puerto Rico Department of Health conducted a serosurvey of patients who had discontinued rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) prior to completing a schedule of ...five vaccine doses. The objective was to determine whether further vaccination of these patients was needed based on serum rabies neutralizing antibody levels. Eighteen patients consented to serology using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The World Health Organization's cutoff value of 0.5 IU/mL was used as the basis for recommending PEP continuance, while complete virus neutralization at the 1:5 dilution indicated seroconversion per current Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices recommendations. Serum samples were collected a median of 147 days (range 24–215) after receipt of the last vaccine dose. Ten patients were recommended for PEP continuance for titers below 0.5 IU/mL; however, of 11 patients, 33% of 2-dose, 100% of 3-dose, and 100% of 4-dose patients exhibited seroconversion. These findings corroborate previous studies that suggest a less than five-dose rabies vaccine regimen elicits adequate immunogenicity against rabies.
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