Die kalte Progression in Österreich Kucsera, Dénes; Lorenz, Hanno; Reitschuler, Gerhard
Wirtschaftsdienst (Hamburg),
07/2023, Letnik:
103, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Die Inflationsraten in Europa verzeichneten in den vergangenen Monaten die höchstenZuwächse der zurückliegenden Jahrzehnte. Österreich hatte für das Gesamtjahr 2022 eineRate von 8,6 %, Deutschland ...8,7 %. Ein Profiteur der steigenden Preise ist der Staat, dessenSteuereinnahmen starken Zuwachs erleben. Verantwortlich dafür ist die "kalte Progression",also eine verdeckte Steuererhöhung, die alle Einkommensteuerzahler:innen trifft. InÖsterreich wurde die kalte Progression üblicherweise bislang indirekt, im Rahmen periodischdurchgeführter Steuerreformen zurückgegeben - allerdings nur zum Teil und nicht explizit alsKompensation der kalten Progression.
In Austria, bracket creep has so far only been partially returned to the taxpayer within periodic tax reforms. As of 2022, thefederal government has decided to fully compensate for the bracket creep, albeit not automatically for every taxpayer, but within theframework of compensation differentiated by income tax brackets with a discretionary component accounting for around one-third ofthe annual bracket creep burden. A full adjustment along the lines of the Swiss model would have been desirable. If lower income taxbrackets continue to be adjusted stronger like upper income tax brackets in upcoming years, full-time employment will be further dis-couraged.
Die kalte Progression in Österreich Kucsera, Dénes; Lorenz, Hanno; Reitschuler, Gerhard
Wirtschaftsdienst,
07/2023, Letnik:
103, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In Austria, bracket creep has so far only been partially returned to the taxpayer within periodic tax reforms. As of 2022, the federal government has decided to fully compensate for the bracket ...creep, albeit not automatically for every taxpayer, but within the framework of compensation differentiated by income tax brackets with a discretionary component accounting for around one-third of the annual bracket creep burden. A full adjustment along the lines of the Swiss model would have been desirable. If lower income tax brackets continue to be adjusted stronger like upper income tax brackets in upcoming years, full-time employment will be further discouraged.
ABSTRACT
Testing the tax smoothing hypothesis for the EU‐15, we hypothesise that the introduction of the 3%‐deficit rule of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 may have inhibited tax smoothing as European ...Union (EU)‐member states are no longer capable of letting the deficit grow as much as implied by expected decreases in government expenditure. Our results show that for some countries this fiscal rule may have indeed changed the validity of the tax smoothing hypothesis, thus implying that EU accession has caused welfare losses.
Using a theoretical model based on dynamic optimizing agents, we test empirically the Ricardian equivalence proposition (REP) for the EU-15 countries. The theoretical setting allows us to obtain ...estimates of the structural parameters of the model and to test directly the hypothesis implied by the REP. Using recently developed end-of-sample cointegration breakdown tests, we find evidence of a change in the fiscal behaviour of individuals during the last decade-after the introduction of a fiscal rule, namely the Maastricht criteria-for most countries in the sample. The results concerning the direction of change are mixed.
The tax smoothing hypothesis (TSH) is tested for the New Member States of the European Union. Our results show that the TSH holds for five countries, the introduction of the Maastricht 3%-deficit ...rule, however, had very little effect with regard to the validity of the TSH.
Using a structural model based on dynamic optimizing agents, we empirically test the Ricardian equivalence proposition (REP) for 11 New EU-Member States (NMS). We extend the basic model by including ...the government budget constraint, thus being able to evaluate whether individuals take the evolution of public debt into account. In the basic setting we cannot reject the validity of the REP for four NMS, in the extended model the relevance of the REP changes for six countries, implying that the development of government debt and long-term sustainability of public finances matters with regard to the validity of the REP.
The defense-growth nexus is investigated empirically using longitudinal data for Guatemala and allowing the effect of defense spending on growth to be nonlinear. Using recently developed econometric ...methods involving threshold regressions, evidence of a level-dependent effect of military expenditure on GDP growth is found: A positive and significant externality effect of defense spending prevails for relatively low levels of defense spending and becomes negative, albeit insignificant, for higher levels. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The smoothing impact of fiscal stabilizers (proxied by government expenditures) on business cycle volatility is studied for a panel of European Union (EU) countries in the period 1970-1999. Special ...emphasis is put on the investigation of possible nonlinearities in the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth volatility and fiscal stabilizers. The results show that the business cycle volatility smoothing effect of fiscal stabilizers may revert at high levels. The results hold when using government revenues as a proxy for fiscal stabilizers.
The defense-growth nexus is investigated empirically using longitudinal data for Guatemala and allowing the effect of defense spending on growth to be nonlinear. Using recently developed econometric ...methods involving threshold regressions, evidence of a level-dependent effect of military expenditure on GDP growth is found: A positive and significant externality effect of defense spending prevails for relatively low levels of defense spending and becomes negative, albeit insignificant, for higher levels.
The defense-growth nexus is investigated empirically using time series data for the US and allowing the effect of defense spending on growth to be non-linear. Using recently developed econometric ...methods involving threshold regressions, evidence of a level-dependent effect of military expenditure on GDP growth is found: the positive externality effect of defense spending prevails for relatively lower levels of defense spending (with respect to the history of defense spending in the US) and reverts its influence for higher levels.
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