Fundamental deformation mechanisms of FCC materials under indentation have been probed at the grain scale. Experimental tests have been conducted on large-grained annealed and cold-worked ...polycrystalline nickel samples with a Berkovich indenter. Indentation axes have been chosen to be close to the three main crystallographic directions 001, 101 and 111. Pile-ups and slip traces have been revealed around the residual imprints by analysing topographic measurements obtained by atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the indenter orientation in each indentation plane drives pile-ups and slip traces which in turn contain precious information about the crystallographic orientation and the hardening state of the studied grain. Imprint topographies after pile-up formation therefore carry information that one can exploit to assess some intrinsic material properties at the grain scale. A 3D finite element modelling of the nanoindentation test at the grain scale has been developed, making use of crystal plasticity constitutive laws. Six different virtual materials having the same macroscopic behaviour have been built. The simulation results show a good agreement with experimental tests and also a great pile-up sensitivity to interaction matrix components. These results pave the way to the interaction matrix identification using an inverse finite element method.
•AFM topographies and dislocation slip traces are analysed after Berkovich nanoindentation at grain scale.•Pile-up distribution is strongly related to the crystallographic orientation and pile-up heights to the hardening modulus.•Numerical topographies in the size independent framework are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental observations.•Residual topography is very sensitive to the interaction matrix components of the single crystal plasticity model.
The assessment of loading during walking and running has historically been limited to data collection in laboratory settings or with devices that require a computer connection. This study aims to ...determine if the loadsol
-a single sensor wireless insole-is a valid and reliable method of assessing force. Thirty (17 male and 13 female) recreationally active individuals were recruited for a two visit study where they walked (1.3 m/s) and ran (3.0 and 3.5 m/s) at a 0%, 10% incline, and 10% decline, with the visits approximately one week apart. Ground reaction force data was collected on an instrumented treadmill (1440 Hz) and with the loadsol
(100 Hz). Ten individuals completed the day 1 protocol with a newer 200 Hz loadsol
. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,k) were used to assess validity and reliability and Bland⁻Altman plots were generated to better understand loadsol
validity. Across conditions, the peak force ICCs ranged from 0.78 to 0.97, which increased to 0.84⁻0.99 with the 200 Hz insoles. Similarly, the loading rate ICCs improved from 0.61 to 0.97 to 0.80⁻0.96 and impulse improved from 0.61 to 0.97 to 0.90⁻0.97. The 200 Hz insoles may be needed for loading rate and impulse in running. For both walking and running, the loadsol
has excellent between-day reliability (>0.76).
To define non-bacterial osteitis (NBO) as a clinical entity possibly associated with autoimmune manifestations. Patients with sterile osteitis were analysed to develop diagnostic criteria.
A total of ...89 patients with non-bacterial inflammatory bone lesions were observed for a median of 49 months. History, diagnostic imaging, laboratory and histological data were obtained. Mutation analysis in the genes PSTPIP1 and PSTPIP2 was performed.
Patients had an onset of disease at a median age of 10 yrs interquartile range (IQR) 7.5-12 and suffered a median period of 21 (IQR 9-52) months with a median of three foci per patient. Twenty percent of all the patients demonstrated associated autoimmune disorders, particularly of the skin and bowel. The majority of bone lesions were located in the vertebrae and metaphyses. Slight-to-moderate elevation of inflammation values were found in all the patients and antinuclear antibodies were elevated in 30%. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were effective in 85% of the patients. HLA-B27 and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR)-classification did not differ from the general population. Autoimmune diseases in 40% of all the families, multiply affected family members, linkage to 18q21 and mouse models strongly indicate a genetic basis for NBO. We observed three different courses of disease regarding the duration of complaints, rate of complications and associated autoimmune manifestations leading to a new classification of NBO.
Clinical analysis of our cohort leads us to define NBO as a distinct disease entity with three clinical presentations: acute NBO, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis or persistent chronic NBO. Diagnostic criteria were proposed to differentiate NBO from diseases with similar clinical presentation.
Clinically feasible methods for quantifying landing kinetics could help identify patients at risk for secondary anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ...validity and between-day repeatability of the loadsol insole during a single-hop and bilateral stop-jump. Thirty healthy recreational athletes completed seven single-hops and seven stop-jumps while simultaneous loadsol (100 Hz) and force plate (1920 Hz) measurements were recorded. Peak impact force, loading rate, and impulse were computed for the dominant limb, and limb symmetry was calculated between limbs for each measure. All outcomes were compared between the loadsol and force plate using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland⁻Altman plots. Fifteen participants completed a second day of testing to assess between-day repeatability of the loadsol. Finally, an additional 14 participants completed the first day of testing only to assess the validity of the newest generation loadsol, which sampled at 200 Hz. At 100 Hz, validity ICC results were moderate to excellent (0.686⁻0.982), and repeatability ICC results were moderate to excellent (0.616⁻0.928). The 200 Hz loadsol demonstrated improved validity ICC (0.765⁻0.987). Bland⁻Altman plots revealed that the loadsol underestimated load measures. However, this bias was not observed for symmetry outcomes. The loadsol device is a valid and repeatable tool for evaluating kinetics during landing.
Increased serum IgE levels are characteristic but not specific for allergic diseases. Particularly, severe atopic dermatitis (AD) overlaps with hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) regarding eczema, ...eosinophilia, and increased serum IgE levels. HIES are primary immunodeficiencies due to monogenetic defects such as in the genes DOCK8 and STAT3. As it is not known to date why allergic manifestations are not present in all HIES entities, we assessed the specificity of serum IgE of AD and HIES patients in the context of clinical and immunological findings.
Clinical data, skin prick tests, specific IgE to aero- and food allergens, and T helper (Th) subpopulations were compared in AD and molecularly defined HIES patients.
Total serum IgE levels were similarly increased in STAT3-HIES, DOCK8-HIES, and AD patients. The ratio of aeroallergen-specific IgE to total IgE was highest in AD, whereas DOCK8-HIES patients showed the highest specific serum IgE against food allergens. Overall, clinical allergy and skin prick test results complied with the specific IgE results. Th2-cell numbers were significantly increased in DOCK8-HIES and AD patients compared to STAT3-HIES patients and controls. AD patients showed significantly higher nTreg-cell counts compared to STAT3-HIES and control individuals. High Th17-cell counts were associated with asthma. Specific IgE values, skin prick test, and T-cell subsets of STAT3-HIES patients were comparable with those of healthy individuals except decreased Th17-cell counts.
Hyper-IgE syndromes and atopic dermatitis patients showed different sensitization pattern of serum IgE corresponding to the allergic disease manifestations and Th-cell subset data, suggesting a key role of DOCK8 in the development of food allergy.
•A method is built to quantify the information richness of Berkovich nanoindentation imprints at grain scale.•An identifiability index is used to design a well-posed parameter identification problem ...from Berkovich residual topographies.•Combining imprints, and especially pile-ups, improves the conditioning of the inverse problem.•The interaction matrix of FCC structure seems identifiable using three topographies.
The information richness of imprints topographies obtained after Berkovich nanoindentation tests at grain scale is assessed for identifying all or part of the parameters of a single crystal plasticity law. In a previous paper (Renner et al., 2016), the strong potential of imprints topographies has been shown through a large experimental campaign conducted on nickel samples. A 3D crystal plasticity finite element modelling (CPFEM) of the nanoindentation experiment using the Méric-Cailletaud has also showed a large sensitivity of residual topographies to the indenter/grain orientation and to the plastic parameters, including the interaction matrix coefficients specifying the interactions between dislocations on different slip systems. This makes imprints topographies very good candidates to provide information for the single crystal parameters identification. The present paper focuses on the Méric-Cailletaud law parameters identifiability using residual topographies. A method is built to define the best well-posed inverse problem to ensure the parameters identification using a crystal plasticity finite element modelling updating (CPFEMU) method. An identifiability index proposed by Richard et al. (Richard et al., 2013) for measuring the information richness of the indentation curve is extended to the analysis of residual topographies. This index quantifies the possibility to achieve a stable/unstable solution using an inverse method. For the studied behaviour, the results show that eight of the nine Méric-Cailletaud law parameters can be identified using three topographies.
Aim
Temperature, food resources and top‐down regulation by antagonists are considered as major drivers of insect diversity, but their relative importance is poorly understood. Here, we used ...cavity‐nesting communities of bees, wasps and their antagonists to reveal the role of temperature, food resources, parasitism rate and land use as drivers of species richness at different trophic levels along a broad elevational gradient.
Location
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
Taxon
Cavity‐nesting Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Colletidae, Megachilidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Vespidae).
Methods
We established trap nests on 25 study sites that were distributed over similar large distances in terms of elevation along an elevational gradient from 866 to 1788 m a.s.l., including both natural and disturbed habitats. We quantified species richness and abundance of bees, wasps and antagonists, parasitism rates and flower or arthropod food resources. Data were analysed with generalized linear models within a multi‐model inference framework.
Results
Elevational species richness patterns changed with trophic level from monotonically declining richness of bees to increasingly humped‐shaped patterns for caterpillar‐hunting wasps, spider‐hunting wasps and antagonists. Parasitism rates generally declined with elevation but were higher for wasps than for bees. Temperature was the most important predictor of both bee and wasp host richness patterns. Antagonist richness patterns were also well predicted by temperature, but in contrast to host richness patterns, additionally by resource abundance and diversity. The conversion of natural habitats through anthropogenic land use, which included biomass removal, agricultural inputs, vegetation structure and percentage of surrounding agricultural habitats, had no significant effects on bee and wasp communities.
Main conclusions
Our study underpins the importance of temperature as a main driver of diversity gradients in ectothermic organisms and reveals the increasingly important role of food resources at higher trophic levels. Higher parasitism rates at higher trophic levels and at higher temperatures indicated that the relative importance of bottom‐up and top‐down drivers of species richness change across trophic levels and may respond differently to future climate change.
Glucobrassicin (GBS) and its hydrolysis product indole-3-carbinol are important nutritional constituents implicated in cancer chemoprevention. Dietary consumption of vegetables sources of GBS, such ...as cabbage and Brussels sprouts, is linked to tumor suppression, carcinogen excretion, and cancer-risk reduction. High-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) is the current standard GBS identification method, and quantification is based on UV-light absorption in comparison to known standards or via mass spectrometry. These analytical techniques require expensive equipment, trained laboratory personnel, hazardous chemicals, and they are labor intensive. A rapid, nondestructive, inexpensive quantification method is needed to accelerate the adoption of GBS-enhancing production systems. Such an analytical method would allow producers to quantify the quality of their products and give plant breeders a high-throughput phenotyping tool to increase the scale of their breeding programs for high GBS-accumulating varieties. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) paired with partial least squares regression (PLSR) could be a useful tool to develop such a method.
Here we demonstrate that GBS concentrations of freeze-dried tissue from a wide variety of cabbage and Brussels sprouts can be predicted using partial least squares regression from NIRS data generated from wavelengths between 950 and 1650 nm. Cross-validation models had R
= 0.75 with RPD = 2.3 for predicting µmol GBS·100 g
fresh weight and R
= 0.80 with RPD = 2.4 for predicting µmol GBS·g
dry weight. Inspections of equation loadings suggest the molecular associations used in modeling may be due to first overtones from O-H stretching and/or N-H stretching of amines.
A calibration model suitable for screening GBS concentration of freeze-dried leaf tissue using NIRS-generated data paired with PLSR can be created for cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Optimal NIRS wavelength ranges for calibration remain an open question.
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