Using data on ocean circulation with a Lagrangian larval transport model, we modeled the potential dispersal distances for seven species of bathyal invertebrates whose durations of larval life have ...been estimated from laboratory rearing, MOCNESS plankton sampling, spawning times, and recruitment. Species associated with methane seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and/or Barbados included the bivalve "Bathymodiolus" childressi, the gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea, the siboglinid polychaete tube worm Lamellibrachia luymesi, and the asteroid Sclerasterias tanneri. Non-seep species included the echinoids Cidaris blakei and Stylocidaris lineata from sedimented slopes in the Bahamas and the wood-dwelling sipunculan Phascolosoma turnerae, found in Barbados, the Bahamas, and the Gulf of Mexico. Durations of the planktonic larval stages ranged from 3 weeks in lecithotrophic tubeworms to more than 2 years in planktotrophic starfish. Planktotrophic sipunculan larvae from the northern Gulf of Mexico were capable of reaching the mid-Atlantic off Newfoundland, a distance of more than 3000 km, during a 7- to 14-month drifting period, but the proportion retained in the Gulf of Mexico varied significantly among years. Larvae drifting in the upper water column often had longer median dispersal distances than larvae drifting for the same amount of time below the permanent thermocline, although the shapes of the distance—frequency curves varied with depth only in the species with the longest larval trajectories. Even species drifting for >2 years did not cross the ocean in the North Atlantic Drift.
•Suicidal flashforwards are vivid mental images of future death or suicide.•Literature study findings reveal mechanisms through which suicidal flashforwards may increase risk for suicide ...attempt.•Pilot study findings reveal that suicidal flashforwards are common in young people with suicidal ideation (97% of the sample), and are experienced as vivid, real, distressing and intrusive.•Distress associated with suicidal flashforwards were associated with the number of previous attempts.•Suicidal flashforwards may represent a promising avenue to identify higher risk young people, and suggest new treatment targets for suicidal ideation.
The Increasing Use of Theory in Social Gerontology: 1990–2004 Alley, Dawn E.; Putney, Norella M.; Rice, Melissa ...
The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences,
09/2010, Letnik:
65B, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objectives. To determine how often theory is used in published research in social gerontology, compare theory use over a 10-year period (1990–1994 to 2000–2004), and identify the theories most ...frequently used in social gerontology research. Methods. Systematic review of articles published in eight leading journals from 2000 to 2004 (N = 1,046) and comparison with a review conducted 10 years earlier. Results. Theory was mentioned in 39% of articles published from 2000 to 2004, representing a 12% increase in the use of theory over 10 years. This increase was driven by theories outside the core sociology of aging theories identified by Bengtson, V. L., Burgess, E. O., and Parrott, T. M. (1997). Theory, explanation, and a third generation of theoretical development in social gerontology. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S72–S88. The five most frequently used theories included the life course perspective, life-span developmental theories, role theory, exchange theory, and person–environment theory/ecological theories of aging. Commonly used models included stress process/stress and coping models, successful aging models, the Andersen behavioral model of health services use, models of control/self-efficacy/mastery, and disablement process models. Discussion. Theory use in social gerontology increased between 1990 and 2004, with a shift toward theories that cross disciplines. However, the majority of research in social gerontology continues to be atheoretical. Models are widely used as a supplement to or substitute for theory. Many of these models are currently being debated and elaborated, and over time, they may emerge as important theoretical contributions to social gerontology.
Objectives
This study examined associations between generalized shame and guilt, and suicidal ideation.
Methods
Individuals attending outpatient mental health services (N = 100) completed study ...measures at a single time point. Correlation and regression analyses examined associations between recent suicidal ideation and generalized shame and guilt, both concurrently and interacting, controlling for depressive symptoms and history of previous suicide attempt.
Results
When examined concurrently, guilt – but not shame – remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation, after accounting for effects of depressive symptoms and past suicide attempt. A significant shame × guilt interaction revealed the association between guilt and suicidal ideation intensified with higher shame.
Conclusions
Findings emphasize consideration of generalized shame and guilt – and their interaction – when working with patients exhibiting suicidal thoughts.
Practitioner points
Shame and guilt are self‐conscious emotions that, when generalized and excessive, may confer risk for suicidal ideation
Generalized guilt may be uniquely linked with suicidal ideation, yet this association may also amplified by shame
Both shame and guilt – and their interaction – are important to consider when working with patients exhibiting suicidal thoughts
The Eberswalde crater paleolake system on Mars is home to an intact source‐to‐sink fluvial system where a catchment terminates in a river delta deposit. Through analysis of topographic and ...hyperspectral data from multiple geographic regions, we test the hypothesis that the smectites found within the Eberswalde deposit formed during the Noachian (i.e., >3.5 Ga) in the subsurface and are fluvial detritus transported during the Hesperian (i.e., 3.5–2.0 Ga). We find that the spectra from four pertinent regions (northwest Noachis Terra, Holden crater, and the Eberswalde watershed and delta deposit) are consistent with each other, and most consistent with Fe/Mg smectite clays, namely nontronite and saponite. This points to a detrital origin for the clays observed within Eberswalde crater. Analysis of the watershed also indicates that they likely formed within the subsurface, which previous studies suggest is the location most amenable to the preservation of evidence of past life on Mars. Furthermore, the presence of detrital clays, and not authigenic, indicates that the lake was ∼neutral‐pH and a potentially habitable environment. Taken together, these observations indicate that: (a) within Eberswalde crater is a delta deposit that formed in a habitable environment, (b) that the deposit is composed of minerals that formed during the most habitable period in Mars' history, and (c) those minerals formed in an environment with strong potential to preserve evidence of life. Lastly, the similarities between the Eberswalde fluvial system and the Jezero system make it a compelling site as a standard of comparison by NASA's Perseverance Rover.
Plain Language Summary
The geology of Eberswalde crater, Mars, indicates that it was once home to a neutral‐pH, habitable lake early in Mars' history (about 2.0–3.5 billion years ago). The clay minerals that were deposited by the river that filled the lake likely formed in wet‐subsurface conditions earlier in Mars' history (earlier than 3.5 billion years ago). Wet‐subsurface conditions early in Mars' history are thought to be the time and place that were most conducive to life on the Red Planet. Thus, the geologic evidence in and around the Eberswalde crater indicates that it has a strong possibility of preserving evidence of past life on Mars, if life ever existed there. Notably, this deposit, rich in biopreservation potential, is remarkably similar to the deposit in Jezero crater, where NASA's Perseverance Rover is currently exploring, which makes it a strong candidate for comparison to the Jezero crater system.
Key Points
Detrital clays within the Eberswalde crater delta deposit point to an ancient neutral‐pH habitable lacustrine environment
Delta deposit sediment was likely sourced from the Noachian subsurface, a high biopreservation potential environment
The clay‐rich river delta deposit at Eberswalde crater parallels that of Jezero crater, the current home of NASA's Perseverance Rover
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) primes macrophages for enhanced microbial killing and inflammatory activation by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), but little is known about the regulation of cell metabolism or mRNA ...translation during this priming. We found that IFN-γ regulated the metabolism and mRNA translation of human macrophages by targeting the kinases mTORC1 and MNK, both of which converge on the selective regulator of translation initiation eIF4E. Physiological downregulation of mTORC1 by IFN-γ was associated with autophagy and translational suppression of repressors of inflammation such as HES1. Genome-wide ribosome profiling in TLR2-stimulated macrophages showed that IFN-γ selectively modulated the macrophage translatome to promote inflammation, further reprogram metabolic pathways and modulate protein synthesis. These results show that IFN-γ-mediated metabolic reprogramming and translational regulation are key components of classical inflammatory macrophage activation.
Monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 have demonstrated clinical benefits in cases of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, substantially reducing the risk for ...hospitalization and severe disease
. Treatment generally requires the administration of high doses of these monoclonal antibodies and has limited efficacy in preventing disease complications or mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19
. Here we report the development and evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies with optimized Fc domains that show superior potency for prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Using several animal disease models of COVID-19
, we demonstrate that selective engagement of activating Fcγ receptors results in improved efficacy in both preventing and treating disease-induced weight loss and mortality, significantly reducing the dose required to confer full protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge and for treatment of pre-infected animals. Our results highlight the importance of Fcγ receptor pathways in driving antibody-mediated antiviral immunity and exclude the possibility of pathogenic or disease-enhancing effects of Fcγ receptor engagement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies upon infection. These findings have important implications for the development of Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies with optimal Fc-effector function and improved clinical efficacy against COVID-19 disease.
Microtubules are hollow polymers of αβ-tubulin that show GTP-dependent assembly dynamics and comprise a critical part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Initiation of new microtubules in vivo requires ...γ-tubulin, organized as an oligomer within the 2.2-MDa γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) of higher eukaryotes. Structural insight is lacking regarding γ-tubulin, its oligomerization and how it promotes microtubule assembly. Here we report the 2.7-Å crystal structure of human γ-tubulin bound to GTP-γS (a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue). We observe a 'curved' conformation for γ-tubulin-GTPγS, similar to that seen for GDP-bound, unpolymerized αβ-tubulin. Tubulins are thought to represent a distinct class of GTP-binding proteins, and conformational switching in γ-tubulin might differ from the nucleotide-dependent switching of signalling GTPases. A crystal packing interaction replicates the lateral contacts between α- and β-tubulins in the microtubule, and this association probably forms the basis for γ-tubulin oligomerization within the γ-TuRC. Laterally associated γ-tubulins in the γ-TuRC might promote microtubule nucleation by providing a template that enhances the intrinsically weak lateral interaction between αβ-tubulin heterodimers. Because they are dimeric, αβ-tubulins cannot form microtubule-like lateral associations in the curved conformation. The lateral array of γ-tubulins we observe in the crystal reveals a unique functional property of a monomeric tubulin.
Emergencies often require multiple organizations to respond, and coordinating this response may involve the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The COVID-19 pandemic ...demonstrated both the potential and challenges of ICT use within emergency collaborations, especially as ICT adoption was often spontaneous and forced, rather than voluntary and planned. In this research, we engaged a temporal perspective, which is interested in how organizational members understand and enact time, to understand involuntary ICT adoption. This study consisted of interviews and observations of a public safety collaboration during the pandemic. We found two themes in how ICT use changed over time during the pandemic: first, understanding of the crisis was interpreted through ICT usage, and second, constraints to collaboration caused by ICTs were ultimately transformed into assets. This study contributes to ICT scholarship by finding that, beyond conveying collaboration information, ICT use also influences and changes the collaborative process over time.
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