Objective
To assess internalizing and externalizing symptoms as risk factors for suicidal behaviour and suicide among adolescents and young adults.
Method
We conducted a systematic review of articles ...published until January 2017. We identified 26 883 potential papers; 1701 full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 1479 were excluded because of methodological reasons. Diverse meta‐analyses were performed for each group of symptoms. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) or beta coefficients for categorical variables, and effect size (ES) were calculated for continuous variables.
Results
Finally, 41 studies were included, involving participants aged 12–26 years for a systematic review, and 24 articles were included for meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis showed that youths with any internalizing (ES = 0.93) or externalizing symptoms (ES = 0.76 and OR = 2.59) were more likely to attempt suicide in future. This effect was also seen in depression symptoms (OR = 6.58 and ES = 1.00), legal problems (OR = 3.36), and anxiety (ES = 0.65).
Conclusion
Reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms are predictors of suicide behaviour in young people; therefore, the detection and management of these symptoms in young populations could be a crucial strategy for preventing suicidality in this group.
Phenol oxidation by Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) in aqueous solution has been studied in depth for the purpose of learning more about the reactions involved and the extent of the oxidation process, ...under various operating conditions. An initial phenol concentration of 100 mg/L was used as representative of a phenolic industrial wastewater. Working temperatures of 25 and 50 °C were tested, and the initial pH was set at 3. The H2O2 and the Fe2+ doses were varied in the range of 500−5000 and 1−100 mg/L, respectively, corresponding to 1−10 times the stoichiometric ratio. A series of intermediates were identified, corresponding mainly to ring compounds and short-chain organic acids. Most significant among the former were catechol, hydroquinone, and p-benzoquinone; the main organic acids were maleic, acetic, oxalic, and formic, with substantially lower amounts of muconic, fumaric, and malonic acids. Under milder operating conditions (H2O2 and Fe2+ at lower concentrations), a great difference was found between the measured total organic carbon (TOC) and the amount of carbon in all analyzed species in the reaction medium. This difference decreased as the doses of H2O2 and Fe2+ increased, indicating that the unidentified compounds must correspond to oxidation intermediates between phenol and the organic acids. To establish a complete oxidation pathway, experiments were carried out using each of the identified intermediates as starting compounds. Dihydroxybenzenes were identified in the earlier oxidation stages. Muconic acid was detected in catechol but not in the hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone oxidation runs; the last two compounds were oxidized to maleic acid. Oxalic and acetic acid appeared to be fairly refractory to this oxidation treatment. A detailed knowledge of the time evolution of the oxidation intermediates is of environmental interest particularly in the case of hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone because their toxicities are several orders of magnitudes higher than that of phenol itself. The time evolution of the intermediates and TOC was fitted to a simple second-order kinetic equation, and the values of the kinetic constants were determined. This provides a simplified approach useful for design purposes.
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•UV filters levels in beach waters of Gran Canaria Island have been monitored.•Highest levels were obtained for BP-3, BMDBM and OC UV filters.•First time that DHHB levels are reported ...in coastal waters.•Higher UV-filters levels were found in “semi-enclosed” beaches compared to open beaches.•A preliminary risk assessment approach was applied for BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC.
Due to the growing concern about human health effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the use of UV filters has increased in recent decades. Unfortunately, some common UV filters are bioaccumulated in aquatic organisms and show a potential for estrogenic activity. The aim of the present study is to determine the presence of some UV filters in the coastal waters of six beaches around Gran Canaria Island as consequence of recreational seaside activities. Eight commonly used UV filters: benzophenone-3 (BP-3), octocrylene (OC), octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-PABA), ethylhexyl methoxy cinnamate (EHMC), homosalate (HMS), butyl methoxydibenzoyl methane (BMDBM), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), were monitored and, with the exception of OD-PABA, all were detected in the samples collected. 99% of the samples showed some UV filters and concentration levels reached up to 3316.7ng/L for BP-3. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) approach showed risk quotients (RQ) higher than 10, which means that there is a significant potential for adverse effects, for 4-MBC and EHMC for those samples with highest levels of UV filters.
Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the ...land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), hereafter referred to as ERA5-Land. Once completed, the period covered will span from 1950 to the present, with continuous updates to support land monitoring applications. ERA5-Land describes the evolution of the water and energy cycles over land in a consistent manner over the production period, which, among others, could be used to analyse trends and anomalies. This is achieved through global high-resolution numerical integrations of the ECMWF land surface model driven by the downscaled meteorological forcing from the ERA5 climate reanalysis, including an elevation correction for the thermodynamic near-surface state. ERA5-Land shares with ERA5 most of the parameterizations that guarantees the use of the state-of-the-art land surface modelling applied to numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A main advantage of ERA5-Land compared to ERA5 and the older ERA-Interim is the horizontal resolution, which is enhanced globally to 9 km compared to 31 km (ERA5) or 80 km (ERA-Interim), whereas the temporal resolution is hourly as in ERA5. Evaluation against independent in situ observations and global model or satellite-based reference datasets shows the added value of ERA5-Land in the description of the hydrological cycle, in particular with enhanced soil moisture and lake description, and an overall better agreement of river discharge estimations with available observations. However, ERA5-Land snow depth fields present a mixed performance when compared to those of ERA5, depending on geographical location and altitude. The description of the energy cycle shows comparable results with ERA5. Nevertheless, ERA5-Land reduces the global averaged root mean square error of the skin temperature, taking as reference MODIS data, mainly due to the contribution of coastal points where spatial resolution is important. Since January 2020, the ERA5-Land period available has extended from January 1981 to the near present, with a 2- to 3-month delay with respect to real time. The segment prior to 1981 is in production, aiming for a release of the whole dataset in summer/autumn 2021. The high spatial and temporal resolution of ERA5-Land, its extended period, and the consistency of the fields produced makes it a valuable dataset to support hydrological studies, to initialize NWP and climate models, and to support diverse applications dealing with water resource, land, and environmental management.
•An inclusion complex of 2-nonanone with β-cyclodextrin was prepared.•Different analysis confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes.•The active compound 2-nonanone is fungistatic to Botrytis ...cinerea.
An important issue in food technology is that antimicrobial compounds can be used for various applications, such as the development of antimicrobial active packaging materials. Yet most antimicrobial compounds are volatile and require protection. In the present study, the inclusion complexes of 2-nonanone (2-NN) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), were prepared by a co-precipitation method. Entrapment efficiency (EE), thermal analysis (DSC and TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), sorption isotherms and antifungal activity were evaluated for the characterization of the inclusion complex (β-CD:2-NN). A higher EE was obtained (34.8%) for the inclusion complex 1:0.5 than for other molar rates. Both DSC and TGA of the inclusion complexes showed the presence of endothermic peaks between 80°C and 150°C, attributed to a complexation phenomenon. Antimicrobial tests for mycelial growth reduction under atmospheric conditions proved the fungistatic behaviour of the inclusion complexes against Botrytis cinerea.
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that causes a wide range of symptoms. We report finding 17 cases of C. auris infection that were originally misclassified but correctly ...identified 27.5 days later on average. Patients with a delayed diagnosis of C. auris had a 30-day mortality rate of 35.2%.
Healthcare-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These evidence-based guidelines have been ...produced after a systematic review of published studies on infection prevention and control interventions aimed at reducing the transmission of MDR-GNB. The recommendations are stratified by type of infection prevention and control intervention and species of MDR-GNB and are presented in the form of ‘basic’ practices, recommended for all acute care facilities, and ‘additional special approaches’ to be considered when there is still clinical and/or epidemiological and/or molecular evidence of ongoing transmission, despite the application of the basic measures. The level of evidence for and strength of each recommendation, were defined according to the GRADE approach.
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