Urban economics and branches of mainstream economics – what we call the ‘housing as opportunity’ school of thought – have been arguing that shortages of affordable housing in dense agglomerations ...represent a fundamental barrier to economic development. Housing shortages are considered to limit migration into thriving cities, curtailing their expansion potential, generating rising social and spatial inequalities and inhibiting national growth. According to this dominant view, relaxing zoning and other planning regulations in the most prosperous cities is crucial to unleash the economic potential of cities and nations and to facilitate within-country migration. In this article, we contend that the bulk of the claims of the housing as opportunity approach are fundamentally flawed and lead to simplistic and misguided policy recommendations. We posit that there is no clear and uncontroversial evidence that housing regulation is a principal source of differences in home availability or prices across cities. Blanket changes in zoning are unlikely to increase domestic migration or to improve affordability for lower-income households in prosperous areas. They would, however, increase gentrification within metropolitan areas and would not appreciably decrease income inequality. In contrast to the housing models, we argue that the basic motors of all these features of the economy are the current geography of employment, wages and skills.
城市经济学和主流经济学的分支(我们称之为“住房即机遇”学派)一直认为，密集集聚区经济适用房的短缺是经济发展的根本障碍。住房短缺被认为限制了向繁荣城市的移民，削弱了城市的扩张潜力，导致社会和空间不平等加剧，抑制了国家增长。根据这一主流观点，在最繁荣的城市放松分区和其他规划条例对于释放城市和国家的经济潜力以及促进国内移民至关重要。在本文中，我们认为大部分的“住房即机遇”权利主张都是有根本缺陷的，并导致了简单化和误导性的政策建议。我们认为，没有明确且无争议的证据表明，住房条例是城市间住房供应或价格差异的主要原因。分区的全面改变不太可能增加国内移民，也不太可能提高富裕地区低收入家庭的负担能力。然而，它们会促进大都市地区的绅士化，且不会明显减少收入不平等。与住房模型相反，我们认为所有这些经济特征的基本驱动力是当前的就业、工资和技能地理分布。
Abstract
Persistent poverty, economic decay and lack of opportunities are at the root of considerable discontent in declining and lagging-behind areas the world over. Poor development prospects and ...an increasing belief that these places have "no future"-as economic dynamism has been posited to be increasingly dependent on agglomeration economies-have led many of these so-called "places that don't matter" to revolt against the status quo. The revolt has come via an unexpected source: the ballot-box, in a wave of political populism with strong territorial, rather than social foundations. I will argue that the populist wave is challenging the sources of existing well-being in both the less-dynamic and the more prosperous areas and that better, rather than more, place-sensitive territorial development policies are needed in order to find a solution to the problem. Place-sensitive development policies need, however, to stay clear of the welfare, income support and big investment projects of past development strategies if they are to be successful and focus on tapping into untapped potential and on providing opportunities to those people living in the places that "don't matter".
This paper examines the uneven geography of COVID‐19‐related excess mortality during the first wave of the pandemic in Europe, before assessing the factors behind the geographical differences in ...impact. The analysis of 206 regions across 23 European countries reveals a distinct COVID‐19 geography. Excess deaths were concentrated in a limited number of regions—expected deaths exceeded 20% in just 16 regions—with more than 40% of the regions considered experiencing no excess mortality during the first 6 months of 2020. Highly connected regions, in colder and dryer climates, with high air pollution levels, and relatively poorly endowed health systems witnessed the highest incidence of excess mortality. Institutional factors also played an important role. The first wave hit regions with a combination of weak and declining formal institutional quality and fragile informal institutions hardest. Low and declining national government effectiveness, together with a limited capacity to reach out across societal divides, and a frequent tendency to meet with friends and family were powerful drivers of regional excess mortality.
Why have some territories performed better than others in the fight against COVID‐19? This paper uses a novel dataset on excess mortality, trust and political polarization for 165 European regions to ...explore the role of social and political divisions in the remarkable regional differences in excess mortality during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. First, we investigate whether regions characterized by a low social and political trust witnessed a higher excess mortality. Second, we argue that it is not only levels, but also polarization in trust among citizens – in particular, between government supporters and non‐supporters – that matters for understanding why people in some regions have adopted more pro‐healthy behaviour. Third, we explore the partisan make‐up of regional parliaments and the relationship between political division – or what we refer to as ‘uncooperative politics’. We hypothesize that the ideological positioning – in particular those that lean more populist – and ideological polarization among political parties is also linked to higher mortality. Accounting for a host of potential confounders, we find robust support that regions with lower levels of both social and political trust are associated with higher excess mortality, along with citizen polarization in institutional trust in some models. On the ideological make‐up of regional parliaments, we find that, ceteris paribus, those that lean more ‘tan’ on the ‘GAL‐TAN’ spectrum yielded higher excess mortality. Moreover, although we find limited evidence of elite polarization driving excess deaths on the left‐right or GAL‐TAN spectrums, partisan differences on the attitudes towards the European Union demonstrated significantly higher deaths, which we argue proxies for (anti)populism. Overall, we find that both lower citizen‐level trust and populist elite‐level ideological characteristics of regional parliaments are associated with higher excess mortality in European regions during the first wave of the pandemic.
Rodríguez-Pose A. Do institutions matter for regional development?, Regional Studies. This paper discusses whether institutions matter for regional development and how to integrate them in regional ...development strategies. It is found that while institutions are crucial for economic development, generating an institution-based regional development strategy is likely to be undermined by the lack of definition of what are efficient institutions. Problems related to the measurement of institutions, to their space and time variability, to the difficulties in establishing the right mix of formal and informal institutions, and to the endogeneity between institutions and economic development make one-size-fits-all approaches to operationalizing institutions difficult. The paper posits that, in order to overcome these problems, it is crucial to distinguish between the 'institutional environment' and 'institutional arrangements', that is, to target not the institutions which shape the unique character of any territory, but the institutional factors that represent barriers for the efficacy of other factors influencing economic development (that is, education, training and skills, innovation, infrastructure and the like).
Rodríguez-Pose A. 制度对区域发展而言是否重要，区域研究。本文探讨制度对区域发展而言是否重要，以及如何将其整合至区域发展策略之中。研究发现，制度虽然是经济发展的关键，但建构以制度为基础的区域发展策略，有可能因缺乏对于有效制度的定义而受到破坏。有关测量制度和其时空变异、建立正式与非正式制度的正确混合的困难性，以及制度和经济发展间内生性的问题，导致难以建构一个操作制度的一体适用方法。本文指出，为了克服上述困难，区辨"制度环境"和"制度安排"相当重要，意即不是对准形塑特定领域中独特性质的制度，而是瞄准对其他影响经济发展因素有效性 (亦即教育、技术训练、创新、基础建设等) 呈现阻碍的制度性因素。
制度 区域发展 发展策略 以地方为基础的政策
Rodríguez-Pose A. Les institutions, sont-elles importantes pour l'aménagement du territoire?, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à discuter si, oui ou non, les institutions sont importantes pour l'aménagement du territoire et comment les intégrer dans les stratégies d'aménagement du territoire. Alors que les institutions sont essentielles au développement économique, il s'avère que la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie d'aménagement du territoire fondée sur les institutions risque d'être entravée par le manque d'une définition de ce que c'est une institution efficace. Les problèmes liés à l'évaluation des institutions, à leur variabilité dans le temps et l'espace, aux difficultés dans la mise en place de la bonne combinaison d'institutions, à la fois formelles et informelles, et à l'endogénéité entre les institutions et le développement économique, rendent difficile la mise au point d'une solution universelle à la mise en place des institutions. L'article précise qu'il est essentiel de distinguer entre le 'milieu institutionnel' et les 'dispositifs institutionnels', autrement dit, il ne faut pas cibler les institutions qui façonnent le caractère unique d'un territoire, mais plutôt les facteurs institutionnels qui constituent des obstacles à l'efficacité d'autres facteurs qui influent sur le développement économique (à savoir, l'éducation, la formation et les compétences, l'innovation, l'infrastructure et ainsi de suite).
Institutions Aménagement du territoire Stratégies d'aménagement du territoire Politiques localisées
Rodríguez-Pose A. Spielen Institutionen bei der Regionalentwicklung eine Rolle?, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Institutionen bei der Regionalentwicklung eine Rolle spielen und wie sie sich in Strategien zur Regionalentwicklung integrieren lassen. Es wird festgestellt, dass Institutionen für die Regionalentwicklung zwar eine wichtige Rolle spielen, aber die Ausarbeitung einer institutionell basierten Regionalentwicklungsstrategie durch das Fehlen einer Definition für eine effiziente Institution tendenziell untergraben wird. Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Messung von Institutionen, ihrer räumlichen und zeitlichen Variabilität, den Schwierigkeiten bei der Ermittlung der richtigen Kombination von formellen und informellen Institutionen sowie der Endogenität von Institutionen und Wirtschaftsentwicklung erschweren die Entwicklung von einheitlichen Ansätzen zur Behandlung von Institutionen. In diesem Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass zur Überwindung dieser Probleme zwischen 'institutioneller Umgebung' und 'institutionellen Vorkehrungen' unterschieden werden muss. Anders ausgedrückt, sollte nicht auf die Institutionen abgezielt werden, die den einzigartigen Charakter eines Gebiets ausmachen, sondern auf die institutionellen Faktoren, die die Wirksamkeit von anderen Faktoren der Wirtschaftsentwicklung (Bildung, Ausbildung und Qualifikation, Innovation, Infrastruktur usw.) beeinträchtigen.
Institutionen Regionalentwicklung Entwicklungsstrategien Ortsbasierte Politiken
Rodríguez-Pose A. ¿Afectan las instituciones al desarrollo regional?, Regional Studies. En este artículo se examina hasta qué punto las instituciones afectan al desarrollo regional y cómo las condiciones institucionales de cada espacio se pueden integrar en las estrategias de desarrollo regional. El argumento fundamental del artículo es que, mientras que las instituciones son esenciales para el desarrollo económico, la puesta en marcha de estrategias de desarrollo regional basadas en instituciones debe confrontar el problema de la falta de definición de lo que son instituciones eficaces. Los problemas ligados a la medida de las instituciones, a su variación en el espacio y en el tiempo, a las dificultades para calibrar la mezcla adecuada de instituciones formales e informales y a la endogeneidad entre instituciones y desarrollo regional limitan la posibilidad de aplicar enfoques genéricos al tema. En el artículo se argumenta que para salvar estas barreras resulta esencial distinguir entre el 'contexto institucional' y los 'arreglos institucionales'. Esto significa centrarse no en las instituciones que modelan el carácter único de cada territorio, sino en los factores institucionales que representan los principales obstáculos para la eficacia de otros factores que afectan al desarrollo económico (educación, formación, innovación, infraestructura y factores similares).
Instituciones Desarrollo regional Estrategias de desarrollo Políticas basadas en el territorio
ABSTRACT The paper examines the debates regarding place‐neutral versus place‐based policies for economic development. The analysis is set in the context of how development policy thinking on the part ...of both scholars and international organizations has evolved over several decades. Many of the previously accepted arguments have been called into question by the impacts of globalization and a new response to these issues has emerged, a response both to these global changes and also to nonspatial development approaches. The debates are highlighted in the context of a series of major reports recently published on the topic. The cases of the developing world and the European Union are used as examples of how in this changing context development intervention should increasingly focus on efficiency and social inclusion at the expense of an emphasis on territorial convergence and how strategies should consider economic, social, political, and institutional diversity in order to maximize both the local and the aggregate potential for economic development.
The geography of EU discontent Dijkstra, Lewis; Poelman, Hugo; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés
Regional studies,
06/2020, Letnik:
54, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Support for parties opposed to European Union (EU) integration has risen rapidly, and a wave of discontent has taken over the EU. This discontent is purportedly driven by the very factors behind the ...surge of populism: differences in age, wealth, education, or economic and demographic trajectories. This paper maps the geography of EU discontent across more than 63,000 electoral districts in the EU-28 and assesses which factors push anti-EU voting. The results show that the anti-EU vote is mainly a consequence of local economic and industrial decline in combination with lower employment and a less educated workforce. Many of the other suggested causes of discontent, by contrast, matter less than expected, or their impact varies depending on levels of opposition to European integration.
Institutions and the fortunes of territories Rodríguez‐Pose, Andrés
Regional science policy & practice,
June 2020, 2020-06-00, 20200601, Letnik:
12, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Regions and cities face unceasing pressures to adapt in response to processes of globalization, changes in industrial production, and new patterns of migration and trade. At the same time, the ...dominant development policies are proving less than capable of providing answers to these challenges. Strategies based on a mix of physical and human capital and technology have not succeeded in dealing with growing territorial inequality and its treacherous economic, social and political consequences. There is thus an urgent need to understand why territorial divergence occurs and why there is what seems to be a growing decline in the returns of public intervention targeting economic development. In the search for answers, scholars have turned to the examination of institutions. But despite progress in our grasp of how institutions affect development, crucial knowledge gaps remain. This paper reviews recent progress in our understanding of the role of institutions for development, unveils the most important gaps, and proposes a series of avenues to improve how a better understanding of how institutions shape regional and urban development can lead to more efficient development policies.
Resumen
Las regiones y las ciudades se enfrentan a presiones continuas de adaptación en respuesta a los procesos de globalización, cambios en la producción industrial y las nuevas pautas de migración y comercio. Al mismo tiempo, las políticas de desarrollo dominantes están demostrando ser menos capaces de dar respuestas a estos desafíos. Las estrategias basadas en una mezcla de capital físico y humano y tecnología no han logrado hacer frente a la creciente desigualdad territorial y sus peligrosas consecuencias económicas, sociales y políticas. Por consiguiente, es urgente comprender por qué se producen divergencias territoriales y por qué se produce lo que parece ser una disminución creciente de los beneficios de la intervención pública orientada al desarrollo económico. En la búsqueda de respuestas, la investigación ha recurrido al examen de las instituciones. Pero a pesar de los avances en la comprensión de cómo las instituciones afectan al desarrollo, siguen existiendo lagunas de conocimiento cruciales. En este artículo se examinan los progresos recientes en nuestra comprensión de la función de las instituciones para el desarrollo, se revelan las lagunas más importantes y se propone una serie de vías para mejorar la forma en que una mejor comprensión de la manera en que las instituciones configuran el desarrollo regional y urbano puede conducir a políticas de desarrollo más eficientes.
抄録
地域や都市は、グローバル化の過程、工業生産の変化、移住や商取引の新しいパターンに対応して適応させられる圧力に絶え間なく直面している。それと同時に、支配的開発政策は、これらの課題に対処する能力がないことが明らかになってきている。物理的資本と人的資本と技術の組み合わせを基にした戦略では、拡大する地域格差と、その危険性を孕む経済的、社会的、政治的影響には対処することができない。そのため、なぜ地域格差が生じているのか、なぜ経済発展を目的とした公的介入のリターンが減少しているようにみられるのかを解明することが急務である。答えを探すために、研究者たちは機関を調査することを始めた。しかし、制度が開発にどのように影響するか理解が進んでいるにもかかわらず、知識の大きなギャップが今なお存在している。本稿では、開発のための機関の役割に関する我々の理解の最近の進展を概観し、最も大きなギャップを明らかする。そして、機関が地域/都市開発をどのように形成しているかをよりよく理解することが、より効率的な開発政策につながる方法を改善するための一連の方法を提案する。
This paper examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. We assess the effect of the pandemic on ...urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. At the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. At the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. The durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.
How ‘Smart’ Are Smart Specialization Strategies? Di Cataldo, Marco; Monastiriotis, Vassilis; Rodríguez‐Pose, Andrés
Journal of common market studies,
September 2022, Letnik:
60, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The introduction of smart specialization (S3) as a fundamental pillar of the 2014 reform of the EU cohesion policy is a significant strategic shift in European development intervention. S3 strategies ...aimed at mobilizing the economic potential of each country and region of the EU by allowing a more place‐based and bottom‐up approach to development. However, despite the salience that S3 has acquired in a short period of time, there has been no European‐wide evaluation of the extent to which S3 strategies truly reflect the economic characteristics and potential of the territories where they are being implemented. This article examines the characteristics of S3 strategies across Europe – by focusing on their development axes, economic or scientific domains and policy priorities – to assess whether this is the case. The results show that S3 strategies display a proliferation of objectives, a problem that particularly affects areas with weaker quality of government. Moreover, strategies are generally loosely connected with the intrinsic conditions of each region and mostly mimic what neighbouring areas are doing. The lack of more concise and focused S3 strategies is likely to undermine the effectiveness of what is, otherwise, a very interesting and worthwhile policy experiment.
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