Background: Phaeoacremonium parasiticum is a frequently species associated with "Petri's disease" in young plants of grapevine in Peru. One of the main limitations is the use of fungicides and the ...limited molecules for its control. In this scenario, biological control is an important alternative to integrate in the management of grapevine diseases. Objective: The objective of the research was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of native antagonists to P. parasiticum and their growth promoting effect on grapevine. Methodology: Plant material from mother plants (R-110) underwent thermotherapy (52.5°C for 30 min). Subsequently, the antagonists (bacteria and fungi) were inoculated by partial immersion at a concentration of 1x106 cfu ml-1 (Colony forming units) for 3 h; 30 days later, P. parasiticum was inoculated, measuring shoot length before inoculation (SLBI). Seventy days after inoculation (DAI), shoot length (SL), length of necrotic stria (LNS), root dry weight (RDW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were measured. Results: Isolate Tr-5 (Trichoderma spp.) increased SLBI by 68%. Bacillus spp. (Bac-1, Bac-2), Trichoderma spp. (Tr-5) and T. harzianum (T-22) increase >40% SL 70 DDI. Tr-6 (Trichoderma spp.), T-22 and Act-2 (Actinomycete) reduce >50% LNS. Bacillus spp. (Bac-2: Bac-3) significantly increase RFW (59.29%: 49.39%) and RDW (60.41%: 55.08%). Implications: Biological control with native antagonists reduces the development of Petri disease and promotes grapevine growth. Conclusions: The native antagonists show growth-promoting effect and control of LEN caused by P. parasiticum at the nursery stage.
El limón sutil es un cultivo de alta demanda e importancia en el desarrollo socioeconómico en Perú, empleándose mayormente fertilizantes inorgánicos que generan incrementos constantes en los costos ...de producción, siendo necesario el uso de alternativas orgánicas e inocuas para su producción. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis de biol o biofertilizante, y su correlación en los parámetros productivos y de calidad en el cultivo de limón sutil. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: T0 (testigo: manejo convencional), T1 (Biol 10%), T2 (Biol 20%) y T3 (Biol 30%) aplicados cada 15 días, evaluando los siguientes parámetros: 1) productivos: diámetro del fruto (DF), grosor de cáscara (GC), peso del fruto (PF), rendimiento por ha (RHa) y 2) calidad: acidez (AD), porcentaje de sólidos solubles (PSS), pH, zumo o jugo de limón (ZL). Se realizó análisis de correlación, análisis de componentes principales-ACP, un ANOVA, y se analizó la relación Beneficio/Costo. En el ACP se obtuvo dos componentes: C1 (71.40%) y C2 (11.80%) explicando el 83.20% de la variabilidad. El C1 explica la mayor variabilidad y agrupó variables: G-I (ZL, AD), G-II (DF, GC, PSS) y GIII (PF, RHa). Los tratamientos con Biol 10%, 20%, 30% en ZL, AD (G-I) presentaron los mejores resultados (P < 0.05); el T2 presentó los mayores valores de PF y RHa, y fue el tratamiento más rentable (B/C=3.84). El Biofertilizante es una alternativa para reducir el uso de fertilizantes sintéticos y los costos de producción. El biofertilizante al 20% resultó más rentable y mejoró variables evaluadas.
Background: Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis S.) is a tropical fruit of socio-economic interest in Peru, used as an ingredient in the food industry, esthetics and medicine. However, this crop has a ...low germination power, so it is necessary to carry out pre-germination treatments to increase the germination percentage and the initial development of the seedlings. Objective: to evaluate the effect of different biostimulants at 12 h and 24 h of hydration on passion fruit seed germination. Methodology: passion fruit seeds of large and round fruits, free of pathogens, were collected. The aryl-free seeds were treated: T0 (distilled water), T1 (sulfur 25 g/10 L), T2 (sulfur 50 g/10 L), T3 (biol 3%), T4 (biol 5%), T5 (cinnamon 25%), T6 (cinnamon 50%), T7 (buttermilk 25%) and T8 (buttermilk 50%) for 12 h and 24 h imbibition. The variables evaluated were: water absorbed, imbibition rate (IR), germination percentage (GP), germination speed (GS), germination index (GI), first day of germination (FDG). Results: The highest water absorption occurred in the first 9 hours. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 significantly improved the GP, GS, GI, FDG at 12 h imbibition. However, at 24 h imbibition these values decreased. GP presented a high positive correlation with GS and GI. Likewise, GS presented a high negative correlation with FDG. Implications: The use of biostimulants increases germination. Conclusions: Cinnamon extract at 25% and 50%, and biol 5% at 12 h of imbibition have significantly improved the variables evaluated compared to imbibition at 24 h. The positive correlation between the variables indicates a direct relationship between them.
Background: Phaeoacremonium parasiticum is a frequently species associated with "Petri's disease" in young plants of grapevine in Peru. One of the main limitations is the use of fungicides and the ...limited molecules for its control. In this scenario, biological control is an important alternative to integrate in the management of grapevine diseases. Objective: The objective of the research was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of native antagonists to P. parasiticum and their growth promoting effect on grapevine. Methodology: Plant material from mother plants (R-110) underwent thermotherapy (52.5°C for 30 min). Subsequently, the antagonists (bacteria and fungi) were inoculated by partial immersion at a concentration of 1x106 cfu ml-1 (Colony forming units) for 3 h; 30 days later, P. parasiticum was inoculated, measuring shoot length before inoculation (SLBI). Seventy days after inoculation (DAI), shoot length (SL), length of necrotic stria (LNS), root dry weight (RDW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were measured. Results: Isolate Tr-5 (Trichoderma spp.) increased SLBI by 68%. Bacillus spp. (Bac-1, Bac-2), Trichoderma spp. (Tr-5) and T. harzianum (T-22) increase >40% SL 70 DDI. Tr-6 (Trichoderma spp.), T-22 and Act-2 (Actinomycete) reduce >50% LNS. Bacillus spp. (Bac-2: Bac-3) significantly increase RFW (59.29%: 49.39%) and RDW (60.41%: 55.08%). Implications: Biological control with native antagonists reduces the development of Petri disease and promotes grapevine growth. Conclusions: The native antagonists show growth-promoting effect and control of LEN caused by P. parasiticum at the nursery stage.
Los abonos orgánicos son una alternativa sostenible con el agroecosistema frente a los fertilizantes convencionales causantes de la contaminación de los recursos naturales. El objetivo fue determinar ...la eficacia de los microorganismos eficientes nativos (MEN) y de compost sobre el rendimiento y rentabilidad en el cultivo de quinua variedad INIA 415-Pasankalla en tres pisos altitudinales (Faical 1935 m de altitud, Lagunas Amarillas 2328 m de altitud. y Cascapampa 2995 m de altitud). Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: T0 (testigo), T1 (MEN 2.5%), T2 (MEN 5.0%), T3 (MEN 2.5%+0.9 kg compost m-1) y T4 (MEN 5.0%+1.8 kg compost m-1), evaluando: AP (altura de planta), RHa (rendimiento hectárea-1), RPa (rendimiento planta-1), PP (peso de panoja), PMG (peso de mil granos) y DT (diámetro de tallo). Además, se analizó el beneficio/costo por tratamiento. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales ACP, una comparación triple de ANOVA y un análisis de correlación. Con el ACP se obtuvo dos componentes (C1 y C2) explicando el 97.20% de la variabilidad del estudio. El Componente 1 (78.46%) explica la mayor variabilidad y agrupó variables: G-I (AP, DT), G-II (RHa, Rpa, PP). Los tratamientos T4 y T3 presentaron los mejores resultados en relación a la altitud: Lagunas Amarillas-T4 con G-I y Cascapampa-T4 con G-II presentaron los mayores valores del estudio. No obstante, Cascapampa-T2 fue el más rentable (b/c= 5.68). La mezcla combinada de los insumos orgánicos elaborados a partir de materias primas locales y aplicados en forma foliar y suelos presentes en T4, mejoró los rendimientos y la rentabilidad del cultivo de quinua en relación a la altitud.
Background: The aguaymanto has aroused great interest in both the national and international markets for its different uses: aesthetic, medicinal, nutritional and gastronomic. However, agronomic ...management strategies for this crop with commercial potential are unknown, resulting in low yields and profitability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different doses of Biogen 1 biostimulant (Bg) and planting distances (PD) on the production and economic analysis of aguaymanto. Methodology: Two factors were evaluated: planting density and dose of biostimulant, resulting in 6 treatments: T1- control (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T2 (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x1.5m); T3 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T4 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m); T5 (750 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m) and T6 (750 ml Bg/ 200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m), using a randomized complete block design. The following production parameters were evaluated: number of fruits per plant-NFP, fruit weight-FW (g), fruit diameter-FD (cm), yield per plant-YPP (kg/plant), yield per hectare-YPHA (kg ha-1). Results: T6 had the best yields per plant; however, in the yield per hectare and in the economic analysis, T5 performed better. The correlation in NFP was positive on FD, YPP and YPHA; also, FW with respect to FD and YPP. FD was positively correlated with YPP. However, YPP presented a very weak correlation with YPHA. Implications: Proper use of biostimulants and planting distance increases crop yields. Conclusion: The T6 treatment improved the parameters evaluated per plant, and T5 improved YPHA and the B/C ratio. This positive correlation indicates the directly proportional effect between the parameters
Background: Biocontrol of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) is a friendly alternative to chemical control that cause resistance and contamination of the ecosystems. Objective: isolate native grapevine ...root and rhizosphere microorganisms with biocontrol potential of grapevine trunk fungi diseases. Methodology: The competition for substrate (CS) was studied with the Bell´s scale, contact time (CT) between the antagonist-pathogen (days) and the growth inhibition percentage (GIP). Results: Seven Trichoderma strains were isolated (from roots: Tr-1, Tr-2, Tr-3, Tr-6; and from rhizosphere: Tr-4, Tr-5 Tr-7); six Bacillus spp. (from roots: Bac-4, Bac-5, Bac-6; and from rhizosphere: Bac-1, Bac-2, Bac-3); and two Streptomyces sp. (Act-1, Act-2). The CS results evaluated with the Bell scale showed Tr-1, Tr-7, T.atv (Trichoderma atroviride) and T-22 (Trichoderma harzianum) were placed in class 1 against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and, all isolates were placed in class 1 against Campylocarpon pseudofasciculare and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum. The CT of Trichoderma was 2 days (L. theobromae) and 3 days (C. pseudofasciculare and P. parasiticum). In the antibiosis test, Tr-5 (Trichoderma) and Bac-3 (Bacillus) had the highest GIP values (>50%) against the different evaluated pathogens. The isolate Act-2 (Streptomyces sp.) presented a GIP, >70% (L. theobromae), and >40% (C. pseudofasciculare) and >30% (P. parasiticum). Implications: The use of biological control in the management of grapevine trunk diseases is an effective tool, and can be integrated into an integrated management strategy for these pathologies. Conclusions: The native isolates Bac-3 (Bacillus spp.), Tr-5 (Trichoderma spp.), Act-2 (Streptomyces sp.) demonstrated in vitro control against the pathogens L. theobromae, C. pseudofasciculare and P. parasiticum, pathogens associated to grapevine trunk diseases.
RESUMEN La lima ácida (Citrus aurantifolia) conocido en Perú como limón sutil, es un cultivo de mayor importancia en las agro-exportaciones del País, cultivándose en suelos pobres. El objetivo fue ...evaluar la influencia de las aplicaciones foliares de magnesio y hierro en la productividad y calidad de la lima ácida. Se estudiaron los tratamientos: T1 (testigo), T2 (MgO 34%-500 mL 200 L-1), T3 (MgO 34%-600 mL 200 L-1), T4 (Fe EDHA 6%-800 g 200 L-1), T5 (MgO 34%-500 mL 200 L-1 + Fe EDHA 6%-800 g 200 L-1), T6 (MgO 34%-600 mL 200 L-1 + Fe EDHA 6%-800 g 200 L-1), T7 (Fe EDHA 6%-1,12 kg 200 L-1), T8 (MgO 34%-500 mL 200 L-1+ Fe EDHA 6%-1,12 kg 200 L-1), T9 (MgO 34%-600 mL 200 L-1+ Fe EDHA 6%-1,12 kg 200 L-1). Las variables evaluadas fueron; calidad extra (Cal. Ext.), calidad primera (Cal. Prim.), calidad segunda (Cal. Seg.), calidad fabrica (Cal. Fabr.), rendimiento por hectárea (Rdto. Ha), Volumen zumo (Vol. Zumo), sólidos solubles totales (SST), diámetro ecuatorial (DEF) y diámetro polar del fruto (DPF), y la relación DEF/DPF. Se realizó: "ANOVA", "análisis de correlación" y el análisis de componentes principales (ACP). En el ACP se obtuvieron dos componentes (C); C1 (45,40%) y C2 (21,70%) que explican el 67,10% -variabilidad del estudio. Las variables comerciales se agruparon en tres grupos, G-I: primera calidad; G-II: segunda calidad (Cal. Sec.), DPF, DEF, Vol. Jugo y SST; G-III: Cal. Ex. y Rdto. Ha. T9 mejoró las variables estudiadas disminuyendo Cal. Sec., mejorando las calidades más demandadas (Extra y prim.) y.B/C 4.70.
Background: The aguaymanto has aroused great interest in both the national and international markets for its different uses: aesthetic, medicinal, nutritional and gastronomic. However, agronomic ...management strategies for this crop with commercial potential are unknown, resulting in low yields and profitability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different doses of Biogen 1 biostimulant (Bg) and planting distances (PD) on the production and economic analysis of aguaymanto. Methodology: Two factors were evaluated: planting density and dose of biostimulant, resulting in 6 treatments: T1- control (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T2 (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x1.5m); T3 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T4 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m); T5 (750 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m) and T6 (750 ml Bg/ 200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m), using a randomized complete block design. The following production parameters were evaluated: number of fruits per plant-NFP, fruit weight-FW (g), fruit diameter-FD (cm), yield per plant-YPP (kg/plant), yield per hectare-YPHA (kg ha-1). Results: T6 had the best yields per plant; however, in the yield per hectare and in the economic analysis, T5 performed better. The correlation in NFP was positive on FD, YPP and YPHA; also, FW with respect to FD and YPP. FD was positively correlated with YPP. However, YPP presented a very weak correlation with YPHA. Implications: Proper use of biostimulants and planting distance increases crop yields. Conclusion: The T6 treatment improved the parameters evaluated per plant, and T5 improved YPHA and the B/C ratio. This positive correlation indicates the directly proportional effect between the parameters
