Abstract
The use of flours or phenolic extracts obtained from non-traditional sources or agri-food industry by-products has been a strategy used to formulate new bakery products with characteristics ...of a functional food. However, phenolic compounds present great structural diversity, as well as the ability to interact in a complex way with the macromolecules that constitute the bread matrix. Therefore, the addition of these flours, extracts or pure compounds produces various effects on the microstructure of bread, and several of its sensory properties. This is mainly due to interactions between phenolic compounds and gluten proteins. The objective of this review is to analyze some of the most recent published works on the addition of phenolic compounds in wheat bread to identify the type of positive and negative effects that have been observed and how they can be related to the physicochemical interactions between phenolic compounds and the macromolecules that constitute the food matrix, mainly gluten. The effect of monomeric and polymeric phenolic compounds on the strength of these interactions and on the properties of dough and bread are discussed.
Graphical Abstract
Given the seriousness of the existing situation regarding the mental health of children and adolescents relating to the confinement period imposed due to COVID-19, we conducted this study to describe ...the effects of the confinement on state anxiety and executive functioning dimensions in a period of online educational modality. A sample of 953 children and adolescents was assessed. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the State Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Behavioral Evaluation of Executive Function (BRIEF-2) scale were applied. The analysis of the results indicates that 68.8% of children and adolescents presented medium–high levels of anxiety. Regarding sex, females showed higher levels of anxiety and worse levels of executive functioning. Although the group aged 11 to 18 years showed methodologically higher state anxiety (p = 0.041) than the group aged 6 to 10 years, the difference was not clinically relevant (δ = −0.113). The state anxiety variable was also correlated positively and significantly to the three executive functioning dimensions explored. In conclusion, it seems evident that COVID-19 lockdowns could have psychological and emotional effects on children and adolescents.
Acute leptin increase as well as endogenous hyperleptinemia evoked by high-fat diets (HF) activate fatty acid metabolism in nonadipose tissues. This supports the notion that hyperleptinemia is ...pivotal to prevent/delay steatosis during periods of positive energy balance. We have previously shown that long-term HF spares ectopic accumulation of lipids specifically in the miocardium. Because carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) allows mitochondrial uptake/oxidation of fatty acids, we have hypothesized that leptin drives cardiac CPT-I activity. In the current study, hyperleptinemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice either by exogenous leptin administration or by means of HF, and the ability of malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) (the main endogenous inhibitor of CPT-I) to inhibit cardiac CPT was analyzed. IC50 values of malonyl-CoA were 8.1 ± 1.5 μmol/liter in controls vs. 69.3 ± 5.2 μmol/liter (P < 0.01) in leptin-treated mice. This effect was also observed in cardiac explants incubated with leptin and was blocked by triciribine, a compound shown to inhibit proteinkinase B (Akt) phosphorylation (pAkt). In accordance, acute leptin evoked an increase of cardiac pAkt levels, which correlated with CPT sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. Otherwise, the inhibitory effect of malonyl-CoA was hindered in HF hyperleptinemic mice, and in this case, pAkt levels also correlated with CPT sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. Our data show that leptin reduces the sensitivity of cardiac CPT-I to malonyl-CoA and suggest the involvement of an Akt-related signaling pathway in this effect. This mechanism appears to be sensitive to both acute and chronic hyperleptinemia. We conclude that this action of leptin is pivotal to drive cardiac metabolism under situations associated to hyperleptinemia.
Leptin reduces the sensitivity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase to malonyl-CoA by a protein kinase B (Akt)-related mechanism and prevents cardiac steatosis in obesity.
Background: Previous research studies have suggested the importance of studying the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Some investigations have especially focused on how ...emotional regulation could impact sleep habits in children and adolescents. Therefore, these researchers have stated there exists a two-way direction in this relationship. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of emotional regulation on sleep habits in Spanish children and adolescents and the mediating role of anxiety in this relationship. Method: Participants were 953 Spanish parents who completed the assessment protocol according to their children and adolescents’ information. Results: The results revealed moderate–strong correlations between emotional regulation problems and sleep habit disturbances (r = 0.375, p < 0.001), trait (r = 0.488, p < 0.001) anxiety, and state (r = 0.589, p < 0.001) anxiety. Additionally, emotional regulation showed a direct impact on sleep habits (β = 0.011, p = 0.005). Trait and state anxiety demonstrated a significant mediating role in the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep habits. Conclusions: Emotional regulation may have an impact on sleep habits during childhood and adolescence, suggesting the importance of early intervention focused on the emotions management and the prevention of sleep habit disturbances.
Proposal for an Integrative Cognitive-Emotional Conception of ADHD Lavigne-Cerván, Rocío; Sánchez-Muñoz de León, Marta; Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, Rocío ...
International journal of environmental research and public health,
11/2022, Letnik:
19, Številka:
22
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although numerous efforts have been made to deepen our understanding of the etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), no explanation of its origins, nor of its consequences, has ...yet found a consensus within the scientific community. This study performs a theoretical review of various research studies and provides a reflection on the role of emotions in the origin of the disorder, at the neuroanatomical and functional level. To this end, theoretical models (single and multiple origin) and applied studies are reviewed in order to broaden the perspective on the relevance of the executive system in ADHD; it is suggested that this construct is not only composed and activated by cognitive processes and functions, but also includes elements of an emotional and motivational nature. Consequently, it is shown that ADHD is involved in social development and in a person's ability to adapt to the environment.
El microemprendimiento en América Latina y Caribe toma un rol preponderante a nivel económico y social. Este segmento de organizaciones se caracteriza por presentar altos índices de informalidad y de ...precarización en su accionar, cuya magnitud tiene grandes implicaciones en unas sociedades marcadas por una sustantiva desigualdad de género. A su vez, el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la economía informal en América Latina ha mostrado ser relevante por sus diferentes implicaciones y presenta además desafíos a futuro, por ello resulta de interés identificar aspectos subyacentes a este impacto que impulsan y/o perpetúan las condiciones de formalización del emprendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las variables que afectan a la formalización del microemprendimiento en Chile en el escenario pre-pandemia, y explorar diferencias existentes entre los microemprendimientos liderados por hombres y por mujeres. Aplicando un modelo econométrico Probit, los resultados agregados revelan impulsores relativos a la llevanza de registros contables, niveles de ingresos por sobre el sueldo mínimo, o capital intelectual, los cuales incrementarían la probabilidad de formalizar en ambos colectivos. Sin embargo la brecha de género en el nivel de ingreso dejaría atrás a las mujeres. Por otro lado, la probabilidad de formalizar decrece mientras aumenta la cantidad de horas de trabajo no remunerado, variable que afecta en mayor medida a las mujeres, que prácticamente triplican la cantidad de horas destinadas por los hombres a esas actividades. El artículo demanda el uso de la perspectiva de género como aspecto clave en la investigación. Finalmente, se sugieren direccionamientos para política pública e investigación futura.
Predator activity around the nests induces stress in breeding birds, which may have weaker immunity and are therefore more susceptible to parasite infections. The influence of predators on parasites ...has only been observed in land birds, and most studies are experimental. As seabird colonies offer excellent conditions for parasites, here we assess the influence of mouse, rat, and cat activity on parasites in Cory's shearwater (
Calonectris diomedea borealis
). Adults were examined for blood parasites and one adult and the juvenile from 53 nests were inspected for ectoparasites over two consecutive years (2010 and 2011). Nests differed in their physical characteristics and indices of mammal predator activity and were checked weekly to assess breeding success. Our results showed absence of blood parasites. Among the environmental factors, predator pressure received the most support (89 %) from the data as influencing nest ectoparasite intensity. Birds most infected had worse body condition, and breeding success was negatively influenced by predator activity and ectoparasite intensity. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the interaction between mammal predators and ectoparasites in seabird species and supports greater protection through eradication efforts. In addition, we provide the first data on the endoparasite fauna of Cory's shearwater.
Telomere length is a marker of cellular senescence that relates to different components of individual fitness. Oxidative stress is often claimed as a main proximate factor contributing to telomere ...attrition, although the importance of this factor in vivo has recently been challenged. Early development represents an ideal scenario to address this hypothesis because it is characterized by the highest rates of telomere attrition of the life and by an arguably high susceptibility to oxidative stress. We tested the effect of oxidative stress on telomere dynamics during early development by exposing pied flycatcher nestlings (Ficedula hypoleuca) to either an oxidative challenge (diquat injections), an antioxidant (vitamin E) or control treatments (PBS injections and supplementation with vehicle substance). We found no effects of treatments on average telomere change during the nestling period. However, vitamin E supplementation, which increased growth, removed the association between initial telomere length and telomere attrition. Diquat-treated nestlings, by contrast, showed no differences in growth or telomere dynamics with respect to controls. These results do not support the hypothesis that oxidative stress is the main direct mechanism explaining telomere attrition in vivo, and highlight the importance of micronutrient intake during early development on telomere dynamics. Studies addressing alternative action pathways of vitamins on growth and telomere dynamics, perhaps via restoration mechanisms, would provide important insights on the proximate factors affecting telomere attrition during this critical phase of life.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. People who have this disorder are characterized by presenting ...difficulties in the processes of sustained attention, being very active, and having poor control of their impulses. Despite the high prevalence of this disorder and the existence of various tests used for its diagnosis, few data are available regarding the usefulness and diagnostic validity of these tools. Given the difficulties that these subjects present in executive functions, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions battery for Children (ENFEN, for its acronym in Spanish, Portellano et al., 2009) allows to establish specific profiles of executive performance for people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample was made up of 197 participants of both sexes, aged between 6 and 12 years age (134 with a clinical diagnosis and 63 without pathology). A nonexperimental design was followed, using a comparative descriptive study method. The results indicated that the scales of phonological fluency, color path, rings, and interference are the most associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, providing data on inhibition, mental flexibility, sustained and selective attention, planning, verbal fluency, and working memory, among others. The practical implication of these results is in line with providing support in the clinical diagnosis that is carried out in children's mental health units. In addition, the ENFEN tool can be valued as a suitable psychometric instrument in the psychoeducational field, helping professionals in a school environment to be more aware of the areas of cognitive development in which a student diagnosed with ADHD will have more difficulties and, in doing so, providing more adjusted and effective psychopedagogical measures when it comes to supporting students in their adaptation to the school environment.
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