Redirected walking (RDW) allows virtual reality (VR) users to walk infinitely while staying inside a finite physical space through subtle shifts (gains) of the scene to redirect them back inside the ...volume. All prior approaches measure the feasibility of RDW techniques based on if the user perceives the manipulation, leading to rather small applicable gains. However, we treat RDW as an interaction technique and therefore use visually perceivable gains instead of using the perception of manipulation. We revisited prior experiments with focus on applied gains and additionally tested higher gains on the basis of applicability in a user study. We found that users accept curvature gains up to 20=m, which reduces the necessary physical volume down to approximately 6x6m for virtually walking infinitely straight ahead. Our findings strife to rethink the usage of redirection from being unperceived to being applicable and natural.
Automated trucks for long-distance journeys seem within reach. With such automation, no human driver could be available. However, the last mile of the delivery is likely to involve humans. Therefore, ...either a human driver should still be present, or construction site workers must interact with the automated truck. While automated trucks capable of dealing with various construction sites could be feasible, the development could be costly and time-consuming. To define cooperative solutions for automated deliveries incorporating interaction between automated trucks and humans, a workshop with truck drivers (
N
= 7) was conducted. Based on this workshop, a model of the delivery process, including communication needs, is proposed. Requirements addressing the issues for highly automated delivery are derived from this process.
The tools for personal digital fabrication (DF) are on the verge of reaching mass-adoption beyond technology enthusiasts, empowering consumers to fabricate personalized artifacts. We argue that to ...achieve similar outreach and impact as personal computing, personal fabrication research may have to venture beyond ever-simpler interfaces for creation, toward lowest-effort workflows for remixing. We surveyed novice-friendly DF workflows from the perspective of HCI. Through this survey, we found two distinct approaches for this challenge: 1) simplifying expert modeling tools (AutoCAD →Tinkercad) and 2) enriching tools not involving primitive-based modeling with powerful customization (e.g., Thingiverse). Drawing parallel to content creation domains such as photography, we argue that the bulk of content is created via remixing (2). In this article, we argue that to be able to include the majority of the population in DF, research should embrace omission of workflow steps, shifting toward automation, remixing, and templates, instead of modeling from the ground up.
•Implementation of a simulation including visualizations.•Online study with N = 59 participants.•Results indicate that mode distinction and the conspicuous sensor attached to the automated vehicle ...showed positive effects regarding mode confusion.•A tintable windshield was negatively assessed.
Automated vehicles are expected to communicate with pedestrians at least during the introductory phase, for example, via LED strips, displays, or loudspeakers. While these are added to minimize confusion and increase trust, the human passenger within the vehicle could perform motions that a pedestrian could misinterpret as opposing the vehicle’s communication. To evaluate potential solutions to this problem, we conducted an online video-based within-subjects experiment (N = 59). The solutions under evaluation were mode distinction, vehicle appearance, and the visibility of the passenger via a tintable windshield. Our results show that especially the mode distinction and the conspicuous sensor attached to the automated vehicle showed positive effects. A tintable windshield, however, was negatively assessed. Thus, our work helps to design eHMI concepts to introduce automated vehicles safely by informing about feasible methods to avoid mode confusion.
User acceptance is essential for successfully introducing automated vehicles (AVs). Understanding the technology is necessary to overcome skepticism and achieve acceptance. This could be achieved by ...visualizing (uncertainties of) AV's internal processes, including situation perception, prediction, and trajectory planning. At the same time, relevant scenarios for communicating the functionalities are unclear. Therefore, we developed EduLicitto concurrently elicit relevant scenarios and evaluate the effects of visualizing AV's internal processes. A website capable of showing annotated videos enabled this methodology. With it, we replicated the results of a previous online study (N=76) using pre-recorded real-world videos. Additionally, in a second online study (N=22), participants uploaded scenarios they deemed challenging for AVs using our website. Most scenarios included large intersections and/or multiple vulnerable road users. Our work helps assess scenarios perceived as challenging for AVs by the public and, simultaneously, can help educate the public about visualizations of the functionalities of current AVs.
•EduLicit–a method to elicit user-chosen driving scenarios and educate on automated vehicle functionalities and challenges.•Applying neural networks to scenario videos to visualize vehicles' detection, prediction, and trajectory planning functionalities.•Website implementation of EduLicit, where users upload in-the-wild driving videos for automated visualization and education.•User-chosen driving scenarios primarily include large intersections and/or multiple vulnerable road users.•Users perceive vulnerable road users as more unreliable, unpredictable, and harder to detect by sensors than vehicles.
While the real world provides humans with a huge variety of sensory stimuli, virtual worlds most of all communicate their properties by visual and auditory feedback due to the design of current head ...mounted displays (HMDs). Since HMDs offer sufficient contact area to integrate additional actuators, prior works utilised a limited amount of haptic actuators to integrate respective information about the virtual world. With the Face/On prototype complex feedback patterns are introduced that combine a high number of vibration motors with additional thermal sources to transport multi-modal and spatial information. A pre-study determining the boundaries of the feedbacks' intensities as well as a user study showing a significant increase of presence and enjoyment validate Face/On's approach.
Large high-resolution displays (LHRDs) provide an enabling technology to achieve immersive, isometrically registered, virtual environments. It has been shown that LHRDs allow better size judgments, ...higher collaboration performance, and shorter task completion times. This paper presents novel insights into human size perception using large-scale floor displays, in particular in-depth evaluations of size judgment accuracy, precision, and task completion time. These investigations have been performed in the context of six, novel applications in the domain of automotive production planning. In our studies, we used a 54-sqm sized LED floor and a standard tablet visualizing relatively scaled and true to scale 2D content, which users had to estimate using different aids. The study involved 22 participants and three different conditions. Results indicate that true to scale floor visualizations reduce the mean absolute percentage error of spatial estimations. In all three conditions, we did not find the typical overestimation or underestimation of size judgments.
Minor violations of traffic regulations are common today and partially socially accepted. Automated vehicles (AVs), however, will be obliged to keep to the letter of the law. This can lead to ...situations where user requests cause the AV to reach its legal boundaries, creating novel user-vehicle conflicts. To investigate whether traffic-violating driver interests are transferred to the automated context, we conducted an online survey with three conflict-prone scenarios (N=49). The results indicate that legally compliant AV behavior is desired but that users would intervene in the vehicle’s behavior to enforce interests. In a subsequent Virtual Reality study (N=30), we evaluated the effect of legal boundary-handling strategies (Responsibility and Control Shift, Responsibility Shift, No Shift) and other traffic participants’ violating traffic regulations on behavior, conflict, and trust in a legally conflict-prone parking scenario. Results show that conflict is perceived significantly higher in all strategies compared to the manual baseline, while situational trust in the vehicle is higher in the automated conditions but independent of the handling strategy.
•Online study (N = 49) unveils legal conflict scenarios between drivers and AVs.•VR study (N = 30) evaluates AV legal boundary-handling strategies.•Higher conflict noted in all AV strategies compared to manual driving.•Users may override AVs at legal boundaries to assert interests.•Handling strategy does not affect perceived conflict or trust.
Large high-resolution displays (LHRDs) provide an enabling technology to achieve immersive, isometrically registered, virtual environments. It has been shown that LHRDs allow better size judgments, ...higher collaboration performance, and shorter task completion times. This paper presents novel insights into human size perception using large-scale floor displays, in particular in-depth evaluations of size judgment accuracy, precision, and task completion time. These investigations have been performed in the context of six, novel applications in the domain of automotive production planning. In our studies, we used a 54-sqm sized LED floor and a standard tablet visualizing relatively scaled and true to scale 2D content, which users had to estimate using different aids. The study involved 22 participants and three different conditions. Results indicate that true to scale floor visualizations reduce the mean absolute percentage error of spatial estimations. In all three conditions, we did not find the typical overestimation or underestimation of size judgments.
The simulation of two‐dimensional human locomotion in a bird's eye perspective is a key technology for various domains to realistically predict walk paths. The generated trajectories, however, are ...frequently deviating from reality due to the usage of simplifying assumptions. For instance, common deterministic motion planning algorithms predominantly utilize a set of static steering parameters (e.g. maximum acceleration or velocity of the agent) to simulate the walking behaviour of a person. This procedure neglects important influence factors, which have a significant impact on the spatio‐temporal characteristics of the finally resulting motion—such as the operator's physical conditions or the probabilistic nature of the human locomotor system. In overcome this drawback, this paper presents an approach to derive probabilistic motion models from a database of captured human motions. Although being initially designed for industrial purposes, this method can be applied to a wide range of use cases while considering an arbitrary number of dependencies (input) and steering parameters (output). To underline its applicability, a probabilistic steering parameter model is implemented, which models velocity, angular velocity and acceleration as a function of the travel distances, path curvature and height of a respective person. Finally, the technical performance and advantages of this model are demonstrated within an evaluation.
The simulation of two‐dimensional human locomotion in a bird's eye perspective is a key technology for various domains to realistically predict walk paths. The generated trajectories, however, are frequently deviating from reality due to the usage of simplifying assumptions. For instance, common deterministic motion planning algorithms predominantly utilize a set of static steering parameters (e.g. maximum acceleration or velocity of the agent) to simulate the walking behaviour of a person. This procedure neglects important influence factors, which have a significant impact on the spatio‐temporal characteristics of the finally resulting motion—such as the operator's physical conditions or the probabilistic nature of the human locomotor system. In overcome this drawback, this paper presents an approach to derive probabilistic motion models from a database of captured human motions. Although being initially designed for industrial purposes, this method can be applied to a wide range of use cases while considering an arbitrary number of dependencies (input) and steering parameters (output).
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