Background
Evidence is emerging that psychological problems, particularly symptoms of depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder, are more prevalent in unaccompanied asylum‐seeking children (UASC) ...than their accompanied peers. However, little is known about help seeking and mental health service (MHS) utilization in this group, and how this relates to their psychological needs. This study aims to describe the level of psychological distress among a group of UASC and the pattern of MHS contact.
Method
Socio‐demographic data on 71 UASC residing in London was obtained and self‐report questionnaires were completed regarding trauma events (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), general psychological distress Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), post‐traumatic stress symptoms (Impact of Event Scale), depressive symptoms (Birleson Depression Self‐Rating Scale for Children) and contact with MHS (Attitudes to Health and Services Questionnaire).
Results
UASC were mainly male (n = 48, 67.6%), Black African (n = 39, 54.9%) and their median age was 17 years (interquartile range = 15; 17). They had been living in the UK for a median of 18 months. Eight (11.3%) scored on the SDQ borderline/abnormal range for total symptoms, but this was 21 (29.6%) using the SDQ emotional subscale. Forty‐seven (66.2%) were at high risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder and nine (12.7%) at high risk for depressive disorder. Only 12 (17%) had MHS contact. Predictors of MHS contact were depressive symptoms and duration of time in the UK.
Conclusions
UASC had a high level of emotional symptoms, especially post‐traumatic stress symptoms. However, only a small proportion of UASC were in contact with MHS. This suggests a high level of MHS under‐utilization, and reasons for this are discussed.
In this study, we compared boys and girls on the Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), in regards to factor structures, factor scores and item scores. A modified ChEAT was administered to 1076 ...10- to 12-year-old schoolchildren (546 boys, 530 girls). Analyses showed that the ChEAT exhibited satisfactory internal consistency, and satisfactory concurrence with the Body Dissatisfaction and Impulse Regulation scales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). Four factors were extracted that were very similar for boys and girls and in both cases accounted for about 50% of total variance. Results indicated that the ChEAT is useful for evaluation of anomalous eating attitudes and behaviour among boys and girls aged 10 or 11 years, but may be less sensitive for 12-year-old boys than for 12-year-old girls.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the minimally invasive procedure of choice for removing renal stones larger than 2 cm. This study has aimed to identify the different variables that might ...influence decrease of hemoglobin during the surgery performed in supine position.
A prospective, multicenter, observational study of supine PCNL, based on the Spanish Association of Urology database, was analyzed. The different preoperative and postoperative factors that might affect the decrease of hemoglobin were assessed: demographics and anthropometric data, comorbidities, size and location of the stones, anatomical variants and technical aspects of the procedure.
From September 2008 to December 2012, 397 supine PCNL procedures performed in 15 Spanish centers were registered. Mean hemoglobin decrease was 2.3±1.5 g/dl and overall blood transfusion rate was 5.5%. No statistically significant differences were found between genders, body mass index (BMI) and age in terms of blood loss. There were also no differences between patients with cardiovascular, hypertensive, diabetic and anticoagulant treatment background. Blood loss was not significantly influenced by stone size and location. Technical aspects of the procedure as operative time (> 120 min ≤), access to the pelvi-caliceal system (ultrasound, fluoroscopy), percutaneous tract dilation technique (Alken, balloon or Amplatz) or placement of nephrostomy (tube versus tubeless) were not associated with differences in pre-op/post-op hemoglobin. Only multiple percutaneous tracts (≥2) and middle calix access were statistically significantly (P=.03 and P=.01) related with less blood loss.
PCNL in supine position is a minimally invasive procedure for removal of large (≥2 cm) and multiple renal stones, with a low incidence of blood loss and minimal transfusion rate. Multiple percutaneous tracts and middle calix puncture were the only statistically significant variables associated with decrease in hemoglobin levels.
To prospectively study the post-operative results and complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in supine position to assess difficulty of learning it and how experience affects the ...results. To establish a relative comparison with the data published in the literature on the prone position.
A prospective observational multicenter study on PNL in Valdivia position or in its Galdakao variant was performed. Demographic variables and specific variables related to the lithiasis were collected. Technical aspects, surgery time, success rate and complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classifications were assessed.
A total of 335 PNL in supine position conducted in 13 Spanish centers were registered from September 2008 to June 2011. The man:woman ratio was 1:1.28 and mean age 51.3+14.5 years. 211 (63%) cases were performed by urologists with experience in >50 cases and 124 (37%) by urologists with less experience. Mean operation time was 113.3 ± 46.4 min, 106.6 ± 38.2 for the experienced ones vs. 124.9 ± 56.2 in the novice ones (P<.002). No difference was detected in the mean size of the lithiasis. However, in the experienced group, there was a greater proportion of coraliform cases and multiple lithiasis than in the novice group (P<.001). Success rate evaluated as total absence of lithiasic residuals was 69.6%, without differences between groups (68.2 vs. 71.8%). In 102 (30.6%) patient had residual lithiasis and 60 (17,9%) required complementary treatment. Relative global success rate was 82.1% and complications rate 25.4%, without detecting differences between groups. However, the novel group had more major complications (P>.001).
The PNL in supine position is obtaining rapid and consolidated diffusion in our setting and its effectiveness and safety seems to be equivalent to that described in the literature for PNL in prone position. It is possible to obtain good results with a modest learning curve. The rate of greater complications associated to the procedure decreases with experience.
We investigated the Castilian Spanish versions of three scales (the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) ...as to their suitability for classifying major depression patients in four levels of severity prior to treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, and also as to their suitability for classifying these patients in four improvement levels when administered posttreatment. Although the scales behaved quite similarly, each was most efficient at the task for which it had been designed, i.e., severity rating for the Hamilton and Carroll scales, improvement rating for the Montgomery-Asberg scale.
Twisted bilayer graphene (TBLG) is one of the simplest van der Waals heterostructures, yet it yields a complex electronic system with intricate interplay between moiré physics and interlayer ...hybridization effects. We report on electronic transport measurements of high mobility small angle TBLG devices showing clear evidence for insulating states at the superlattice band edges, with thermal activation gaps several times larger than theoretically predicted. Moreover, Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and tight binding calculations reveal that the band structure consists of two intersecting Fermi contours whose crossing points are effectively unhybridized. We attribute this to exponentially suppressed interlayer hopping amplitudes for momentum transfers larger than the moiré wave vector.
Grass cell wall properties influence food, feed, and biofuel feedstock usage efficiency. The glucuronoarabinoxylan of grass cell walls is esterified with the phenylpropanoid-derived hydroxycinnamic ...acids ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (p-CA). Feruloyl esters undergo oxidative coupling with neighboring phenylpropanoids on glucuronoarabinoxylan and lignin. Examination of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants in a grass-expanded and -diverged clade of BAHD acyl-coenzyme A-utilizing transferases identified four mutants with altered cell wall FA or p-CA contents. Here, we report on the effects of overexpressing one of these genes, OsAtlO (LOC_Os06g39390), in rice. An activation-tagged line, OsAt10-D1, shows a 60% reduction in matrix polysaccharide-bound FA and an approximately 300% increase in p-CA in young leaf tissue but no discernible phenotypic alterations in vegetative development, lignin content, or lignin composition. Two additional independent OsAt10 overexpression lines show similar changes in FA and p-CA content. Cell wall fractionation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments isolate the cell wall alterations in the mutant to ester conjugates of a fivecarbon sugar with p-CA and FA. These results suggest that OsAT10 is a p-coumaroyl coenzyme A transferase involved in glucuronoarabinoxylan modification. Biomass from OsAT10-D1 exhibits a 20% to 40% increase in saccharification yield depending on the assay. Thus, OsAt10 is an attractive target for improving grass cell wall quality for fuel and animal feed.
Abstract
We measure the star formation rate (SFR) per unit gas mass and the star formation efficiency (SFE
gas
for total gas, SFE
mol
for the molecular gas) in 81 nearby galaxies selected from the ...EDGE-CALIFA survey, using
12
CO (
J
= 1–0) and optical IFU data. For this analysis we stack CO spectra coherently by using the velocities of H
α
detections to detect fainter CO emission out to galactocentric radii
r
gal
∼ 1.2
r
25
(∼3
R
e
) and include the effects of metallicity and high surface densities in the CO-to-H
2
conversion. We determine the scale lengths for the molecular and stellar components, finding a close to 1:1 relation between them. This result indicates that CO emission and star formation activity are closely related. We examine the radial dependence of SFE
gas
on physical parameters such as galactocentric radius, stellar surface density Σ
⋆
, dynamical equilibrium pressure
P
DE
, orbital timescale
τ
orb
, and the Toomre
Q
stability parameter (including star and gas
Q
star+gas
). We observe a generally smooth, continuous exponential decline in the SFE
gas
with
r
gal
. The SFE
gas
dependence on most of the physical quantities appears to be well described by a power law. Our results also show a flattening in the SFE
gas
–
τ
orb
relation at
log
τ
orb
∼
7.9
–
8.1
and a morphological dependence of the SFE
gas
per orbital time, which may reflect star formation quenching due to the presence of a bulge component. We do not find a clear correlation between SFE
gas
and
Q
star+gas
.
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