The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has an optically addressable, highly coherent spin. However, a NV center even in high-quality single-crystalline material is a very poor source of single ...photons: Extraction out of the high-index diamond is inefficient, the emission of coherent photons represents just a few percent of the total emission, and the decay time is large. In principle, all three problems can be addressed with a resonant microcavity. In practice, it has proved difficult to implement this concept: Photonic engineering hinges on nanofabrication, yet it is notoriously difficult to process diamond without degrading the NV centers. Here, we present a microcavity scheme that uses minimally processed diamond, thereby preserving the high quality of the starting material and a tunable microcavity platform. We demonstrate a clear change in the lifetime for multiple individual NV centers on tuning both the cavity frequency and antinode position, a Purcell effect. The overall Purcell factor FP=2.0 translates to a Purcell factor for the zero phonon line (ZPL) of FPZPL∼30 and an increase in the ZPL emission probability from about 3% to 46%. By making a step change in the NV’s optical properties in a deterministic way, these results pave the way for much enhanced spin-photon and spin-spin entanglement rates.
Background IL-10–producing regulatory B cells suppress immune responses, and lack of these cells leads to exacerbated symptoms in mouse models of chronic inflammation, transplantation, and chronic ...infection. IgG4 is a blocking antibody isotype with anti-inflammatory potential that is induced in human high-dose antigen tolerance models. Objective We sought to characterize human inducible IL-10–secreting B regulatory 1 (BR 1) cells and to investigate their immunoregulatory capacity through suppression of cellular immune responses and production of anti-inflammatory immunoglobulins. Methods Highly purified IL-10–secreting B cells were phenotypically and functionally characterized by means of whole-genome expression analysis, flow cytometry, suppression assay, and antibody production. B cells specific for the major bee venom allergen phospholipase A2 (PLA) were isolated from beekeepers who displayed tolerance to bee venom antigens and allergic patients before and after specific immunotherapy. Results Human IL-10+ BR 1 cells expressed high surface CD25 and CD71 and low CD73 levels. Sorting of CD73− CD25+ CD71+ B cells allowed enrichment of human BR 1 cells, which produced high levels of IL-10 and potently suppressed antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation. IgG4 was selectively confined to human BR 1 cells. B cells specific for the major bee venom allergen PLA isolated from nonallergic beekeepers show increased expression of IL-10 and IgG4 . Furthermore, the frequency of IL-10+ PLA-specific B cells increased in allergic patients receiving allergen-specific immunotherapy. Conclusion Our data show the characterization of IL-10+ BR 1 cells and in vivo evidence for 2 essential features of allergen tolerance: the suppressive B cells and IgG4 -expressing B cells that are confined to IL-10+ BR 1 cells in human subjects.
•Feedback supports self-regulation of older drivers when driving abilities decline.•Positive age stereotypes increase the belief that feedback will be effective.•Effectiveness beliefs facilitate ...intentions to give feedback.•Mediated by implementation ideas intentions lead to feedback behavior.•Older drivers will benefit from strengthening positive age stereotypes in society.
Research has shown that older drivers often apply effective self-regulatory strategies to cope with decreasing abilities. However, self-serving biases might prevent older drivers from identifying the full scope of critical behaviors, making it difficult for them to determine when they should stop driving. To overcome such self-serving biases, feedback from passengers such as relatives or friends is crucial. Because feedback in critical driving situations is likely to elicit negative emotions and is not easy to provide, we studied factors that might facilitate or impede the presentation of feedback in such situations. In particular, we hypothesized that positive age stereotypes would foster the belief that feedback can lead to behavioral change and would thus increase the likelihood that feedback would be provided. We asked 221 individuals between 40 and 60 years of age in a survey whether they had observed a decline in the driving abilities of an older person and whether they had approached this person to talk to her or him about the decline. 110 participants indicated that they had observed such a decline and filled out a questionnaire designed to test our hypotheses. 65 participants indicated that they had provided feedback, 45 participants stated that they had avoided this. Additionally, both groups were asked about their reasons for giving or avoiding feedback. The results support the role of positive age stereotypes as a determinant of effectiveness beliefs and the giving of feedback in the observed situation. In addition, the results indicate that the effects of effectiveness beliefs on feedback behavior are mediated by the intention to provide feedback and thoughts about implementation strategies.
Gene functionality is closely connected to its expression specificity across tissues and cell types. RNA-Seq is a powerful quantitative tool to explore genome wide expression. The aim of this study ...is to provide a comprehensive RNA-Seq dataset across the same 13 tissues for mouse and rat, two of the most relevant species for biomedical research. The dataset provides the transcriptome across tissues from three male C57BL6 mice and three male Han Wistar rats. We also describe our bioinformatics pipeline to process and technically validate the data. Principal component analysis shows that tissue samples from both species cluster similarly. We show by comparative genomics that many genes with high sequence identity with respect to their human orthologues also have a highly correlated tissue distribution profile and are in agreement with manually curated literature data for human. In summary, the present study provides a unique resource for comparative genomics and will facilitate the analysis of tissue specificity and cross-species conservation in higher organisms.
•Feedback supports self-regulation of older drivers when driving abilities decline.•Positive age stereotypes increase the openness to feedback.•Increased perception of self-efficacy partly mediates ...effect of age stereotypes.•Strengthening positive age stereotypes could support feedback to older drivers.
In spite of their increased risk of causing traffic accidents, older drivers often overestimate their own driving abilities. To develop a realistic assessment of driving abilities, as well as proper self-regulation, feedback from relatives or friends who point out dangerous driving situations is often helpful. However, an open question remains as to how older car drivers respond to such feedback. We conducted a telephone (Study 1, n = 281) and an online survey (Study 2, n = 285) and asked older drivers how they would respond to feedback about their driving behavior. Because previous research has shown positive effects of age stereotypes on behavior in the area of health psychology, we assumed that elderly people with positive age stereotypes see themselves as able to improve and change their behavior, and thus are open to feedback on their driving behavior. In line with this hypothesis, we found overall a strong positive relation between positive age stereotypes and openness to feedback on driving behavior. The positive effect of positive age stereotypes on openness to feedback was not offset by the fact that older drivers with positive age stereotypes perceive themselves as less vulnerable versus other older drivers, and was not moderated according to different feedback givers.
Establishing a highly efficient photon-emitter interface where the intrinsic linewidth broadening is limited solely by spontaneous emission is a key step in quantum optics. It opens a pathway to ...coherent light–matter interaction for, e.g., the generation of highly indistinguishable photons, few-photon optical nonlinearities, and photon-emitter quantum gates. However, residual broadening mechanisms are ubiquitous and need to be combated. For solid-state emitters charge and nuclear spin noise are of importance, and the influence of photonic nanostructures on the broadening has not been clarified. We present near-lifetime-limited linewidths for quantum dots embedded in nanophotonic waveguides through a resonant transmission experiment. It is found that the scattering of single photons from the quantum dot can be obtained with an extinction of 66 ± 4%, which is limited by the coupling of the quantum dot to the nanostructure rather than the linewidth broadening. This is obtained by embedding the quantum dot in an electrically contacted nanophotonic membrane. A clear pathway to obtaining even larger single-photon extinction is laid out; i.e., the approach enables a fully deterministic and coherent photon-emitter interface in the solid state that is operated at optical frequencies.
Ad blocker proliferation threatens the revenue streams of many websites and raises fears about the viability of digital advertising as a whole. Although industry initiatives have increasingly aimed ...to mitigate ad blocking, surprisingly little research addresses the problem. It remains largely unknown which factors drive ad blocking or help unblocking or "whitelisting" of select websites. This article presents an exploratory survey study of 1,634 ad blocker users and uncovers the main factors driving ad blocking and conditions for unblocking select websites. The conditions suggest changes to online advertising in line with current industry initiatives, as well as opportunities for direct appeals to ad blocker users. A field experiment with 294,331 users tests whether banner appeals can reduce ad blocking. The results show that these appeals reduce ad blocking among 1% of the ad blocker users, and among frequent visitors who encounter repeated banner appeals, this percentage increases to 2%. However, repeated banners also lead to fewer website visits of users not conforming to the appeal, which suggests a trade-off between reducing ad blocking among some users and further increasing avoidance behaviors among others.
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