Herein, we describe indole-based analogues of oroidin as a novel class of 2-aminoimidazole-based inhibitors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and, to the best of our ...knowledge, the first reported 2-aminoimidazole-based inhibitors of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. This study highlighted the indole moiety as a dibromopyrrole mimetic for obtaining inhibitors of S. aureus and S. mutans biofilm formation. The most potent compound in the series, 5-(trifluoromethoxy)indole-based analogue 4b (MBIC50=20μM), emerged as a promising hit for further optimisation of novel inhibitors of S. aureus and S. mutans biofilms.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) and torque-teno-sus- viruses (TTSuV) are ubiquitous in all pig-producing countries. Both pathogens are transmitted horizontally as well as vertically, and semen ...could be an important means of transmission. Aim of this study was the investigation of the prevalence of these two viruses in boar semen.
Single semen samples from 100 boars from an artificial insemination centre were analysed by quantitative real time PCR for PCV2 and by conventional PCR for TTSuV-1 and TTSuV-2.
Only one Piétrain boar of age of 47months showed a measurable PCV-2 quantity of 7.56x10³/ml semen. Four samples were PCR-positive for TTSuV-1, and five for TTVSu-2, while in a single co-infection both TTSuVs were detected.All TTSuV-positive samples originated from Piétrain boars.
This study represents the first description of TTSuV presence in semen in Austria. The prevalence of TTSuV as well as PCV-2 was low. The clinical relevance of a simultaneous contamination of boar semen with both pathogens remains unclear.
This study assessed the diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.
A total of 38 patients with an acute ankle trauma and clinical suspicion ...of a syndesmotic tear were prospectively studied with conventional plain film radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging studies included plain T1-weighted (T1-w) and T2-weighted (T2-w) sequences and contrast-enhanced T1-w sequences 0 to 3 days after trauma. All images were read by two independent radiologists before surgical intervention. Sensitivity and specificity were determined for the two observers and the concordance of the two observers were calculated using the interobserver analysis (Kappa-Test). Intraoperative inspection (n = 21) revealed rupture of the anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATIF) in 15 patients, intact ATIF in 6 patients, and intact posterior tibiofibular ligament (PTIF) in 21 cases. Clinical and follow-up examinations revealed an intact syndesmotic complex in another 17 patients.
Primary diagnostic criteria for diagnosing a ligamentous tear included tibiofibular diastasis in conventional plain films; nonvisualization of the ATIF; an abnormal course, a wavy, irregular contour of the ligament; increased signal intensity of the ligament in T2-w sequences, in plain T1-w sequence, and marked enhancement in T1-w after contrast. Important secondary signs were defined as joint fluid in the tibiofibular space and prolapse of interspace fat. Highest diagnostic accuracy was achieved if three or more diagnostic criteria could be visualized. Both readers performed best with the enhanced T1-weighted and the T2-weighted images in transverse orientation. The interobserver analysis resulted in high concordance: Kappa = 0.9 (confidence interval: 0.76 to 1.00) for all patients, and in Kappa = 0.76 (confidence interval: 0.45 to 1.0) for surgically treated patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the syndesmotic complex is a highly sensitive and specific tool for the pretherapeutic-evaluation of syndesmotic injury.
•Humans are typically exposed to EDCs simultaneously.•The glucocorticoid-like activity of PP, BP, DEHP, TM and their mixtures was measured.•Often low luciferase response over solvent control measured ...for single compound is not a reliable indicator for dismissing risk.•Risk assessment of compounds should also account their mixture effects.
Endocrine-disrupting compounds can interfere with the endocrine organs or hormone system and cause tumors, birth defects and developmental disorders in humans. The estrogen-like activity of compounds has been widely studied but little is known concerning their possible modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Steroidal (synthetic and natural) and non-steroidal endocrine-active compounds commonly occur as complex mixtures in human environments. Identification of such molecular species, which are responsible for modulating the glucocorticoid receptor are necessary to fully assess their risk. We have used the MDA-kb2 cell line, which expresses endogenous glucocorticoid receptor and a stably transfected luciferase reporter gene construct, to quantify the glucocorticoid-like activity of four compounds present in products in everyday use – propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and tetramethrin (TM). We tested all possible combinations of these compounds at two concentrations (1μM and 10nM) and compared their glucocorticoid-like activity. At the concentration of 1μM seven mixtures were identified to have glucocorticoid-like activity except: DEHP+TM, BP+TM, DEHP+PP+TM, BP+PP+TM. At the concentration of 10nM only three mixtures have glucocorticoid modulatory activity: DEHP+PP, BP+PP, DEHP+BP+PP+TM. Identified glucocorticoid-like activities were between 1.25 and 1.51 fold at the concentration of 1μM and between 1.23 and 1.44 fold at the concentration of 10nM in comparison with the solvent control. Individually BP, PP, and DEHP had glucocorticoid-like activity of 1.60, 1.57 and 1.50 fold over the solvent control at the concentration of 1μM. On the other hand PP and DEHP, at the concentration of 10nM, showed no glucocorticoid-like activity, while BP showed 1.44 fold. The assertion that individual glucocorticoid-like compounds do not produce harm because they are present at low, ineffective levels in humans may be irrelevant when we include mixed exposures. This study emphasizes that risk assessment of compounds should take mixture effects into account.
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Basement rocks of the Magellan basin at the Atlantic margin, in extra-Andean Tierra del Fuego (Chile), are predominantly formed of orthogneisses. They have been recovered only by drilling and their ...ages are mostly unknown. In this study, using the U-Pb method on zircons, age data have been obtained for a granodiorite gneiss from the basement of the Magellan basin near San Sebastian Bay close to the Chile–Argentina border. Data confirm that zircons of the granodiorite gneiss from the Gaviota 6 drill hole grew primarily during magmatic processes. The Concordia intercept age of unabraded zircons, 529±7.5 Ma, denotes the most probable time of intrusion. Abraded zircons revealed initial zircon growth at 549±6 Ma, probably under primary melt conditions and subsequent closed U-Pb system behaviour. The discordance of data points related to zircon re- and/or neo-crystallization attributed to metamict(?) cloudy domains is contemporaneous with Sr and Pb isotope homogenization in apatite and K-feldspar at 161.6±4.5 Ma. The contemporaneousness of total (Sr) or partial (Pb) equilibration of radiogenic isotopes in minerals of the granodiorite gneiss and formation of the nearly 2000 m thick Jurassic volcanic series leads to discussion of a fundamental heating of the lower crust at that time, controlled by the spatially distributed influx of a fluid phase. The Early Cambrian intrusion age of the precursor rock of the dated granodiorite gneiss suggests that basement rocks of Tierra del Fuego were generated contemporaneously with the Pampean orogenic cycle. The age of 529±7.5 Ma supports the idea of considering Tierra del Fuego as the ‘missing link’ between the Early Palaeozoic orogenic cycles of central and northwestern Argentina and the Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician Ross orogeny in central Antarctica.
