•Forest managers see the need for climate-smart forestry (CSF) but require greater guidance.•CSF that focusses on regional level adapting to local culture and conditions is needed.•Considering ...small-scale forest owners and ownership types should be included in CSF development.•Structural and financial support will be important from both the state and knowledge brokers.
Climate change impacts are an increasing threat to forests and current approaches to management. In 2020, Climate-smart Forestry (CSF) definition and set of indicators was published. This study further developed this work by testing the definition and indicators through a forest manager survey across fifteen member European countries. The survey covered topic areas of demographics, climate change impacts, definition and indicators assessment, as well as knowledge and communication. Overall, forest managers considered the threat of climate change to their forests as high or critical and 62% found the CSF definition clear and concise; however, the minority suggested greater simplification or nuance. Indicators were viewed as comprehensive but too numerous to integrate into management activities. Two highest ranking indicators were ‘Trees species composition’, and ‘Erosion protection and maintenance of soil condition’. Many managers were aware of suitable alternative species, but also stressed that greater resources should focus on exploring adaptable provenances. Demonstration sites and interactive guides were ranked highest for communication and dissemination; however, online multimedia tools and workshops were also ranked highly. Local perspectives on providing more relevant CSF ranged from silviculture systems, finance and funding, education and training, and social awareness, to tree species mixes and development of protective functions. In summary, forest managers were generally open to CSF, but required greater guidance and proof of application.
Abstract Black alder ( Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) is an important component of riparian and wetland ecosystems in Europe. However, data on the growth of this significant broadleaved tree species is ...very limited. Presently, black alder currently suffers from the pathogen Phytophthora and is particularly threatened by climate change. The objective of this study was to focus on the impact of climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, extreme climatic events) on the radial growth of alder across its geographic range during the period 1975–2015. The study of alder stands aged 46–108 years was conducted on 24 research plots in a wide altitude range (85–1015 m) in 12 countries of Europe and Asia. The most significant months affecting alder radial growth were February and March, where air temperatures are more significant than precipitation. Heavy frost and extreme weather fluctuations in the first quarter of the year were the main limiting factors for diameter increment. Within the geographical setting, latitude had a higher effect on radial growth compared to longitude. However, the most important variable concerning growth parameters was altitude. The temperature’s effect on the increment was negative in the lowlands and yet turned to positive with increasing altitude. Moreover, growth sensitivity to precipitation significantly decreased with the increasing age of alder stands. In conclusion, the growth variability of alder and the number of negative pointer years increased with time, which was caused by the ongoing climate change and also a possible drop in the groundwater level. Riparian alder stands well supplied with water are better adapted to climatic extremes compared to plateau and marshy sites.
This study aimed to estimate leaf litter decomposition rates in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) mixed stands in Akçakoca in the province of Düzce, ...located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. The sampling areas represent four different elevations and two aspects at each elevation. Amounts of annual beech and chestnut litterfall were estimated at 5.19 and 4.61 Mg·ha
−1
, respectively. Litter decomposition was examined over five time periods (0.25, 0.50, 1.25, 2.25, and 4.25 years) by using the litterbag method. The mass of remaining beech leaf litter was found to be 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.3 times greater than the mass of chestnut leaf litter, respectively. However, estimated values for the decomposition rate constant (k) of chestnut for all time periods were found to be approximately 1.5 times greater than those of beech leaf litter. Litter in beech stands decomposed more rapidly at higher elevations during the first year but at lower elevations during the second year, likely due to increased temperature and precipitation for the corresponding years. Leaf litter in chestnut stands decomposed more rapidly at lower elevations in the second and fourth years, reflecting higher precipitation for those years.
This study aimed to estimate leaf litter decomposition rates in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) mixed stands in Akcakoca in the province of Duzce, ...located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. The sampling areas represent four different elevations and two aspects at each elevation. Amounts of annual beech and chestnut litterfall were estimated at 5.19 and 4.61 Mg * ha.sup.-1, respectively. Litter decomposition was examined over five time periods (0.25, 0.50,1.25, 2.25, and 4.25 years) by using the litterbag method. The mass of remaining beech leaf litter was found to be 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.3 times greater than the mass of chestnut leaf litter, respectively. However, estimated values for the decomposition rate constant (k) of chestnut for all time periods were found to be approximately 1.5 times greater than those of beech leaf litter. Litter in beech stands decomposed more rapidly at higher elevations during the first year but at lower elevations during the second year, likely due to increased temperature and precipitation for the corresponding years. Leaf litter in chestnut stands decomposed more rapidly at lower elevations in the second and fourth years, reflecting higher precipitation for those years.
The afforestation of arid lands faces many challenges, and perhaps the most important key for success is choosing one or more species that are adapted well for local environmental conditions. We ...explored species that would be suitable for the steppe region of Central Anatolia. Intensive site preparation included ripping the subsoil (to 80 cm) and plowing the upper soil before planting seedlings of
Elaeagnus angustifolia
,
Robinia pseudoacacia
,
Fraxinus angustifolia
, and
Pinus nigra
were used as tree species. We also tested the success of several shrub species:
Amygdalus orientalis
,
Calligonum polygonoides
, and
Spartium junceum.
After five growing seasons,
E. angustifolia
showed the highest survival, with 80% of planted seedlings remaining. For the shrubs,
A. orientalis
was the most successful species with a 95% survival rate. Broad-leaved trees grew a cumulative average of 34 cm in height in 5 years, whereas
P. nigra
seedings grew only 9 cm. The greatest height growth occurred in the shrubs, with
A. orientalis
gaining 40 cm in height in 5 years. Overall,
E. angustifolia
and
A. orientalis
appeared best suited for afforestation in these areas.
R. pseodoacacia
and
F. angustifolia
may also be used as alternative species.
Antropojenik iklim değişikliği zamanımızın temel sorunu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Teknolojinin hayatımıza girmesiyle yaşanan olumlu gelişmelerin yanında iklim ve doğaya verilen zararın, özellikle ...iklim değişikliği etkisinin en aza indirgenmesine yönelik farklı çözüm önerileri ortaya atılmıştır. Bunların ortak paydası iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede sosyal çevre faktörü ile uyum (adaptasyon) ve azaltım stratejilerine ağırlık verilmesidir. Son yıllarda orman ekosistemlerinin bütünlüğünün korunması ve işlevselliğinin sürdürülebilmesi için gelecekte etkisinin artacağı öngörülen iklim değişikliğinden olabildiğince az etkilenmesi ve bu değişiklikten kaynaklanan olumsuz etkilere uyum sağlanmasında İklim Akılcı Ormancılık (İKAKO) adı verilen stratejiler geliştirilmektedir. Bu stratejiler ormanlar ve orman sektöründe pratikteki uygulamaları yönlendirmek için ölçüt ve göstergelerle desteklenen sürdürülebilir uyumlu orman yönetimleridir. Bu anlamda çalışmanın amacı iklim ve iklim değişikliğine karşı dünya ve ülkemiz özelinde yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar ve bu soruna karşı son yıllarda geliştirilen reflekslerin neler olduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Ayrıca Dünya ve Türkiye özelinde iklim değişikliğinin nasıl tanımlandığı, ne gibi senaryolar üzerinden soruna yaklaşıldığı ve iklim değişikliğinin ormanlara etkisinin ne olacağı sorularına cevap aranacaktır.
Anthropogenic climate change is defined as the fundamental problem of our time. Different solutions have been proposed to minimize the damage to the climate and nature, especially the effect of climate change in addition to the positive developments in technology. The solutions have the same goal to focus on adaptation and mitigation strategies together with the social environment factor in the fight against climate change. Strategies called as Climate Smart Forestry (CSF) have been developed to protect the integrity of forest ecosystems, maintain their functionality, adapt to the negative effect, and be affected as little as possible by climate change in the future. These strategies are sustainable compatible forest management supported by criteria and indicators to guide practical applications in forests and the forest sector. In this sense, the study aims to reveal the scientific studies conducted in the world and our country against climate and climate change and the reflexes developed in recent years. Moreover, answers will be sought to the questions of how climate change is defined in the world and Turkey, what kind of scenarios the problem is approached and what the impact of climate change will be on forests.
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