The anterior retrosplenial cortex (aRSC) integrates multimodal sensory information into cohesive associative recognition memories. Little is known about how information is integrated during different ...learning phases (i.e., encoding and retrieval). Additionally, sex differences are observed in performance of some visuospatial memory tasks; however, inconsistent findings warrant more research. We conducted three experiments using the 1‐h delay object‐in‐place (1‐h OiP) test to assess recognition memory retrieval in male and female Long–Evans rats. (i) We found both sexes performed equally in three repeated 1‐h OiP test sessions. (ii) We showed infusions of a mixture of muscimol/baclofen (GABAA/B receptor agonists) into the aRSC ~15‐min prior to the test phase disrupted 1‐h OiP in both sexes. (iii) We assessed the role of aRSC ionotropic glutamate receptors in 1‐h OiP retrieval using another squad of cannulated rats and confirmed that infusions of either the competitive AMPA/Kainate receptor antagonist CNQX (3 mM) or competitive NMDA receptor antagonist AP‐5 (30 mM) (volumes = 0.50 uL/side) significantly impaired 1‐h OiP retrieval in both sexes compared to controls. Taken together, findings challenge reported sex differences and clearly establish a role for aRSC ionotropic glutamate receptors in short‐term visuospatial recognition memory retrieval. Thus, modulating neural activity in the aRSC may alleviate some memory processing impairments in related disorders.
Rats were bilaterally cannulated in anterior retrosplenial cortex (aRSC) and treatments were administered prior to the 1‐h object‐in‐place (OiP) test phase (a). Infusions of the glutamate antagonists CNQX (AMPA/Kainate) and AP‐5 (NMDA), significantly impaired OiP retrieval in both sexes (b).
CONSANGUINITY AND MATERNAL AGE Zehra, Nayyab; Hassaan Malik, Ahmed; Khalid, Zahabia ...
The professional medical journal,
04/2017, Letnik:
24, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Objectives: To determine the frequency of risk factors i.e. consanguinity andmaternal age associated with spontaneous abortions in Pakistan and to propose ways toreduce them. Study design: Cross ...sectional descriptive study. Place of study: Gynecologydepartment of Military Hospital and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Duration ofstudy: 6 months (September 2015 to February 2016). Sampling technique: Non probabilityconvenient sampling. Methodology: 150 married female patients in reproductive age group(15-49 years), who were confirmed cases of pregnancy and presented with abortions, wereinterviewed and responses were filled in a structured questionnaire after written consent.The collected data was then entered and analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Results: The major bulkof spontaneous abortions occurred in the maternal age group of 25-35 years (55.3%). A totalof 53.3% of abortions occurred in the gestational age of less than 12 weeks. Around 54.7% offemales had family history of spontaneous abortions and 65.3% had consanguineous marriage.Conclusion: Spontaneous abortions occur more frequently in the females of 25-35 yearsage group and among the fetuses with gestational age less than 12 weeks (1st trimester ofpregnancy). Family history of spontaneous abortions and consanguinity are associated withspontaneous abortions.
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