In this paper we have theoretically investigated the quantum and relativistic effects on ion plasma wave in an unmagnetised dust-ion plasma. By using the method of normal mode analysis, we have ...obtained a linear dispersion relation. It has been analysed numerically for quantum and relativistic effects on the propagation of ion plasma wave. By using the standard reductive perturbation technique, we have derived a Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation which describes the nonlinear propagation of the wave. Numerically, it is shown that only compressive type of soliton can exist in the plasma under consideration. It is found that the solitary wave profile depends significantly on the quantum and relativistic parameters. The dust size, dust charge and the dust number density are also shown to have significant influences on these solitary waves. The results of this present investigation have some relevance to the nonlinear propagation of ion plasma wave in some astrophysical, space and laboratory plasma environments.
A comprehensive hydrogeochemical and geospatial analysis has been carried out for the assessment of geochemical evolution and groundwater potability of the coastal aquifer system underlying the ...Mahakalapara Block, Odisha, India. The major ion chemistry of groundwater is primarily made up of alkali cations and strong acidic anions having a strong influence of the aquifer lithology. Geochemical analysis of the sample points towards the occurrence of dissolution and ion exchange processes across the study area. Spatially the former is the principal influencing process along the western part of the block whereas the latter is active across the entire study area. Increased alkali and chloride concentration during post-monsoon period indicates potential saline and formational water influences. Potability analysis of the samples is suggestive of widespread unsuitability for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. All the evaluating parameters except pH and residual sodium carbonate indicate a general unsafe characteristic of the subsurface water for domestic and agricultural utility. From an industrial perspective, the subsurface waters are corrosive but not incrusting.
The present article reports the results of a comprehensive hydrogeochemical study carried out across the coastal aquifer system of Rajnagar block, Kendrapara district, Odisha, India. The research ...involved collection of representative groundwater samples during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons with
in situ
as well as laboratory measurement of various hydrogeochemical variables. Analysis of the subsurface water samples portrays an alkali dominated water type during the pre-monsoon season whereas alkaline earth has a significantly increased influence during the post-monsoon period. However, the aquifer system displays an even distribution of strong and weak acids for both the monsoonal regimes. The hydrogeochemistry is controlled by aquifer lithology with a general occurrence of ion exchange and acid–base reaction processes across the study area. Spatial disposition of major cations indicates freshening of this coastal aquifer system in S–N and SW–NE directions. Potability analysis of the samples is suggestive of widespread unsuitability for domestic, agriculture and industrial uses. The extensive occurrence of salinity hazards, sodium hazards and magnesium hazards across the terrain makes the groundwater unsafe for domestic and agricultural utilization while industrial potability analysis suggests the aquifer system is moderately corrosive but non-incrusting. Post-monsoon however, the subsurface waters display a general decrease in hazardous nature with increased suitability for various uses.
Hematite and quartz present in banded iron ore are intimately associated with one another and require fine grinding for the liberation of mineral particles. The influence of the thickness of bands on ...the liberation and flotation response of banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) ore is investigated. A computer program is developed to predict the liberation of banded iron ores based on different patterns of banding. It is found that the phase which is distributed in thick bands is better liberated compared to thin bands. QEMSCAN studies on BHQ samples have shown similar trends. The direct and reverse flotation behavior of the BHQ ore using oleic acid and dodecylamine respectively was determined. In reverse flotation, 64.4% Fe at 59% recovery could be obtained from an ore having thick quartz bands, whereas under identical conditions, only 60.6% Fe at 64.8% recovery could be obtained with thin bands. In the case of direct flotation, it is possible to achieve 63.8% Fe at 50.7% recovery for the ores with a thick quartz band and 62.7% Fe at 58.1% recovery for the thin band.
•Liberation of banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) ore is analyzed.•A computer program is developed to predict the liberation of banded iron ores based on different patterns of banding.•It is found that the phase which is distributed in thick bands is better liberated compared to thin bands.•QEMSCAN and flotation studies on BHQ samples have shown similar trends.
Intensive characterization studies of iron ore slime carried out by X-ray diffraction spectroscope (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), ...and quantitative mineralogical evaluation by scanning electron microscope (QEMSCAN) are discussed. In slimes, mineral phases like hematite, goethite, gibbsite, kaolinite, and quartz are present in a complex and intricate way. SEM-EDS and QEMSCAN studies indicate that significant amounts of aluminum are associated with both ochreous and vitreous goethite. Hematite and goethite phases are contaminated with some amount of alumina and silica. The liberation of hematite in the coarser fraction (+500 µm) is only 20.6% compared to 40% in the finer fraction (−500 µm) size. A flow sheet, comprising of hydrocyclone and magnetic separation techniques, has been developed to produce an iron concentrate containing ∼63% Fe with 70.7% weight recovery from a feed sample containing 56.8% Fe, 5.1% SiO
2
, and 6.4% Al
2
O
3
.
Nitrate (NO3−) in drinking water poses serious health risks worldwide. Exposure to ionic sources of NO3− pollution in groundwater and health risks to children and adults require management measures ...to be taken prior to the development of urban activities. Groundwater samples were collected from a semi-urban region of Titrol block, Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha, and analysed for chemical variables. The content of NO3− ranged from 2 to 92 mg/L with an average of 34.26 mg/L, in which 83.33% of the groundwater samples contained NO3− above 10 mg/L. This is the starting point of water pollution activity in water. Computed values of the Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) varied from −0.40 to 8.20 with an average of 2.42. According to NPI, 16.67%, 16.67%, 10%, 13.33%, and 43.33% of groundwater samples were unpolluted, slightly polluted, moderately polluted, significantly polluted, and very significantly polluted, covering 1.45%, 6.07%, 27.43%, 37.46%, and 27.59% of the study region, respectively. The correlation of NO3− with well depth and other chemical variables indicated significant degradation of groundwater quality by agricultural activities, leading to vulnerability of health conditions. According to Chronic Health Risk (CHR), CHR varied from 0.063 to 3.067 (1.067) for children and 0.042 to 1.917 (0.712) for adults, with 56.67% and 23.33% of groundwater samples above the acceptable level of 1.0. They covered 59.57% and 6.49% of the study region, respectively. Therefore, careful planning of prevention methods is necessary to reduce the health risk of NO3−.This study contributes to UNDP's Sustainable Development goals 2030 for a healthy environment.
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•Agricultural input is a major source in groundwater pollution.•Nitrate Pollution Index in 83.33% of groundwater samples indicated different levels of pollution.•Chronic Health Risks were observed in 56.67% and 23.33% of groundwater samples for children and adults, respectively.•Nitrate vulnerability risk was found to be 1.50 times higher in children than in adults.
By using the Sagdeev pseudo-potential approach, the solitary kinetic Alfven waves have been theoretically investigated in a collisionless magnetized plasma in presence of negative ions. Sagdeev ...potential is plotted for different plasma parameters and it is shown that both hump and dip solitons may exist for kinetic Alfven waves which support the data received from space satellites. The negative ions are shown to have significant effects on the conditions for existence and properties of these solitons.
The separation of iron oxide from banded hematite jasper (BHJ) assaying 47.8% Fe, 25.6% SiO
2
and 2.30%Al
2
O
3
using selective magnetic coating was studied. Characterization studies of the low grade ...ore indicate that besides hematite and goethite, jasper, a microcrystalline form of quartzite, is the major impurity associated with this ore. Beneficiation by conventional magnetic separation technique could yield a magnetic concentrate containing 60.8% Fe with 51% Fe recovery. In order to enhance the recovery of the iron oxide minerals, fine magnetite, colloidal magnetite and oleate colloidal magnetite were used as the coating material. When subjected to magnetic separation, the coated ore produces an iron concentrate containing 60.2% Fe with an enhanced recovery of 56%. The AFM studies indicate that the coagulation of hematite particles with the oleate colloidal magnetite facilitates the higher recovery of iron particles from the low grade BHJ iron ore under appropriate conditions.
Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and ...found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes.
We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest.
From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths.
The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
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•Thiourea based fluorescent sensor (L) was synthesized and characterized.•Sensor L showed fluorescence turn-on response towards Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+ in DMSO-H2O.•Sensor L formed complex ...with Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+ in 1:1 binding stoichiometry.•Sensor L was applied to detect Hg2+ in various soil samples and living Drosophila cell.•DFT investigations and HOMO-LUMO simulations further showed a 1:1 stoichiometry.
A thiourea based fluorescence chemosensor (L) was synthesized and applied for the selective detection of Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+ions in DMSO-H2O (10:90, v/v). The receptor L showed a weak fluorescence emission in DMSO-H2O due to the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process. The fluorescence intensity of L was enhanced upon addition of Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+ ions because of the complexation-induced inhibition of PET process. The 1:1 binding stoichiometry between L and the metal ions (Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+) was found from the Benesi-Hildebrand plot. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to explain the binding modes. The estimated binding constants and detection limits of L are found to be 5.87 × 106 M−1 and 5.01 × 10-7 M for Hg2+, 8.78 × 106 M−1 and 2.14 × 10-8 M for Ag+, and 7.93 × 106 M−1 and 34 × 10-7 M for Au3+, respectively. The sensor L was applied to detect Hg2+, Ag+ and Au3+ ions in living Drosophila cell lines. Also, sensor L was employed to detect Hg2+ in soil samples.
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