While the similarity methods through shock waves are spaciously explored in a dust-filled gas, the implications of magnetism and gravity in a dust-filled non-ideal gas, considering thermal conduction ...as well as radiation flux, were not addressed before. This document is about the self-similar flow solutions originated via a travelling piston in a dust-filled non-ideal gas considering increasing energy, gravity field, variable magnetic (axial or azimuthal) field, thermal conduction, and radiation flux. It has been established that the magnetic field existence has an emaciating impact on the strength of the shock. The compression of the media is lessened by a growth of the gravitational factor at every location in the flow zone behind the shock. The non-ideal nature of gas allows shock intensity to decrease and enlarges the extent between the piston and the shock. It is worthwhile noting that the pressure and density, in the piston, dissipate in the existence of an azimuthal magnetic field; and thus the vacuum forms at the centre of symmetry that is in perfect accordance under the environment of laboratories to generate the shock wave.
The plastic deformation and failure behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V coupons via selective laser melting (SLM) are investigated over 6 decades of strain rates i.e., 10−3, 10, 2000, and ...7000 s−1. Four different types of mesostructures are generated by varying the powder layer thickness and scan rotation in the SLM process. A scan rotation, ψ, 90° produces mesostructures having cuboidal grains along the build direction and columnar prior β grains on the scanned direction, while ψ of 67° produces nearly equiaxed grains along the build and scanned directions. All the mesostructures, independent of ψ, consists of fine acicular martensitic α′ laths. Experimental results show that the flow stress increases with strain rate suggesting that all the samples exhibit positive strain rate sensitivity. Post deformation macroscopic images of the failed samples show that plastic strain localization increased with strain rate. At high strain rates, the deformation is dominated by adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) and significant macro-cracks are observed along with the shear bands particularly at high strain rates. The ASBs are more tortuous in the samples fabricated using scan rotation of 67° as compared to 90° suggesting that the nature of mesostructure has a pronounced effect on the deformation characteristics. Further, the fractographs analyzed using a scanning electron microscope clearly show both ductile and brittle features.
Macrofungi have long been investigated for various scientific purposes including their food and medicinal characteristics. Their role in aerobiology as a fraction of the primary biological aerosol ...particles (PBAPs), however, has been poorly studied. In this study, we present a source of macrofungi with two different but interdependent objectives: (i) to characterize the macrofungi from a tropical dry evergreen biome in southern India using advanced molecular techniques to enrich the database from this region, and (ii) to assess whether identified species of macrofungi are a potential source of atmospheric PBAPs. From the DNA analysis, we report the diversity of the terrestrial macrofungi from a tropical dry evergreen biome robustly supported by the statistical analyses for diversity conclusions. A total of 113 macrofungal species belonging to 54 genera and 23 families were recorded, with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota constituting 96% and 4% of the species, respectively. The highest species richness was found in the family Agaricaceae (25.3%) followed by Polyporaceae (15.3%) and Marasmiaceae (10.8%). The difference in the distribution of commonly observed macrofungal families over this location was compared with other locations in India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal) using two statistical tests. The distributions of the terrestrial macrofungi were distinctly different in each ecosystem. We further attempted to demonstrate the potential role of terrestrial macrofungi as a source of PBAPs in ambient air. In our opinion, the findings from this ecosystem of India will enhance our understanding of the distribution, diversity, ecology, and biological prospects of terrestrial macrofungi as well as their potential to contribute to airborne fungal aerosols.
Abstract
The present communication deals with the adsorption of tyramine neurotransmitter over the surface of pristine, Boron (B) and Silicon (Si) doped fullerenes. Density functional theory (DFT) ...calculations have been used to investigate tyramine adsorption on the surface of fullerenes in terms of stability, shape, work function, electronic characteristics, and density of state spectra. The most favourable adsorption configurations for tyramine have been computed to have adsorption energies of − 1.486, − 30.889, and − 31.166 kcal/mol, respectively whereas for the rest three configurations, it has been computed to be − 0.991, − 6.999, and − 8.796 kcal/mol, respectively. The band gaps for all six configurations are computed to be 2.68, 2.67, 2.06, 2.17, 2.07, and 2.14 eV, respectively. The band gap of pristine, B and Si doped fullerenes shows changes in their band gaps after adsorption of tyramine neurotransmitters. However, the change in band gaps reveals more in B doped fullerene rather than pristine and Si doped fullerenes. The change in band gaps of B and Si doped fullerenes leads a change in the electrical conductivity which helps to detect tyramine. Furthermore, natural bond orbital (NBO) computations demonstrated a net charge transfer of 0.006, 0.394, and 0.257
e
from tynamine to pristine, B and Si doped fullerenes.
For the unsteady, self-similar flow-field from spherical shock to a moving piston behind it in a dusty gas, solutions are obtained. The dust consists of tiny solid particles continually scattered in ...a non-ideal gas. The medium is subjected to gravitational and magnetic fields with monochromatic radiation. The Roche model is appropriate here, i.e., because of a central mass of its origin the gravitational field exists. The flow of radiation is thought to pass into a non-ideal electrical gas with static intensity and energy is only captured by shocks in the opposite direction of radiation. The outcomes of having an impact of the gravitational or magnetic fields and the absence of these fields are compared. It is exciting to be aware that on the piston, the pressure and density disappear in the presence of an azimuthal magnetic field, and consequently at the middle of symmetry a vacuum is formed, which is in high-quality agreement to generate a shock wave in the laboratory.
The electrocoagulation (EC) process is an electrochemical means of introducing coagulants and removing suspended solids, colloidal material, and metals, as well as other dissolved solids from water ...and wastewaters. The EC process has been successfully employed in removing pollutants, pesticides, and radionuclides. This process also removes harmful microorganisms. More often during EC operation, direct current is applied and electrode plates are sacrificed (dissolved into solution). The dissolution causes an increased metal concentration in the solution that finally precipitates as oxide precipitates. Due to improved process design and material of construction, the EC process is being widely accepted over other physicochemical processes. Presently, this process has gained attention due to its ability to treat large volume and for its low cost. The aim of this study is to review the mechanism, affecting factors, process, and application of the electrocoagulation process.
The interaction between droplet dispersion and evaporation in an acetone spray evaporating under ambient conditions is experimentally studied with an aim to understand the physics behind the spatial ...correlation between the local vapour mass fraction and droplets. The influence of gas-phase turbulence and droplet–gas slip velocity of such correlations is examined, while the focus is on the consequence of droplet clustering on collective evaporation of droplet clouds. Simultaneous and planar measurements of droplet size, velocity and number density, and vapour mass fraction around the droplets, were obtained by combining the interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing and planar laser induced fluorescence techniques (Sahu et al., Exp. Fluids, vol. 55, 1673, 2014b, pp. 1–21). Comparison with droplet measurements in a non-evaporating water spray under the same flow conditions showed that droplet evaporation leads to higher fluctuations of droplet number density and velocity relative to the respective mean values. While the mean droplet–gas slip velocity was found to be negligibly small, the vaporization Damköhler number (
$Da_{v}$
) was approximately ‘one’, which means the droplet evaporation time and the characteristic time scale of large eddies are of the same order. Thus, the influence of the convective effect on droplet evaporation is not expected to be significant in comparison to the instantaneous fluctuations of slip velocity, which refers to the direct effect of turbulence. An overall linearly increasing trend was observed in the scatter plot of the instantaneous values of droplet number density (
$N$
) and vapour mass fraction (
$Y_{F}$
). Accordingly, the correlation coefficient of fluctuations of vapour mass fraction and droplet number density (
$R_{n\ast y}$
) was relatively high (
${\approx}0.5$
) implying moderately high correlation. However, considerable spread of the
$N$
versus
$Y_{F}$
scatter plot along both coordinates demonstrated the influence on droplet evaporation due to turbulent droplet dispersion, which leads to droplet clustering. The presence of droplet clustering was confirmed by the measurement of spatial correlation coefficient of the fluctuations of droplet number density for different size classes (
$R_{n\ast n}$
) and the radial distribution function (RDF) of the droplets. Also, the tendency of the droplets to form clusters was higher for the acetone spray than the water spray, indicating that droplet evaporation promoted droplet grouping in the spray. The instantaneous group evaporation number (
$G$
) was evaluated from the measured length scale of droplet clusters (by the RDF) and the average droplet size and spacing in instantaneous clusters. The mean value of
$G$
suggests an internal group evaporation mode of the droplet clouds near the spray centre, while single droplet evaporation prevails near the spray boundary. However, the large fluctuations in the magnitude of instantaneous values of
$G$
at all measurement locations implied temporal variations in the mode of droplet cloud evaporation.
In this study, a fungal plant growth promoter Penicillium oxalicum T4 isolated from non‐rhizosphere soil of Arunachal Pradesh, India, was screened for different plant growth promoting traits in a ...gnotobiotic study. Though inoculation improved the overall growth of the plants, critical differences were observed in root architecture. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope, Scanning electron microscope and the stereo microscopic study showed that inoculated wheat plants could develop profuse root hairs as compared to control. Root scanning indicated improvement in cumulative root length, root area, root volume, number of forks, links, crossings, and other parameters. A confocal scanning laser microscope indicated signs of endophytic colonization in wheat roots. Gene expression studies revealed that inoculation of T4 modulated the genes affecting root hair development. Significant differences were marked in the expression levels of TaRSL4, TaEXPB1, TaEXPB23, PIN‐FORMED protein, kaurene oxidase, lipoxygenase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase, 9‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, and ABA 8′‐hydroxylase genes. These genes contribute to early plant development and ultimately to biomass accumulation and yield. The results suggested that P. oxalicum T4 has potential for growth promotion in wheat and perhaps also in other cereals.
Significance and Impact of the Study; Although the impact of microbes on plant growth promotion and root architecture has been widely examined using bacteria, the role of fungi is much less studied. Here, we examined the effect of a potential fungal plant growth promoter Penicillium oxalicum T4 on root architecture and growth of wheat seedlings. Confocal scanning laser micrographs and scanning electron micrographs indicted profuse colonization in wheat roots and induction of root hairs, respectively. Furthermore, P. oxalicum T4 was shown to modulate the expression of host genes related to root growth and development. Overall, P. oxalicum T4 was found to hold promise as a potential microbial formulation for boosting wheat growth.
Harvesting peroneus longus for ACL reconstruction is thought to create ankle instability which could add to postural instability from an ACL injury. This apprehension prevents its use as a graft of ...primary choice for many surgeons. To date, there is no evidence available describing changes in postural control after its use in ACL reconstruction. The purpose of the study was to analyse the changes in postural control in the form of static and dynamic body balance after ACL reconstruction with Peroneus Longus Tendon Graft and compare it with the unaffected limb at different time intervals.
Thirty-one participants with ACL injury were selected and subjected to an assessment of static and dynamic balance before and after ACL reconstruction using the HUMAC balance system. Outcome measures for Centre of Pressure (COP) assessment were average velocity, path length, stability score, and time on target. Comparison of scores was done pre-operatively as well as at three- and six-months post-reconstruction with Peroneus longus tendon graft.
Static balance of the affected limb showed significant improvement with a decrease in average velocity (F=4.522, p=0.026), path length (F=4.592: p=0.024) and improvement of stability score (F=8.283, p=0.001). Dynamic balance measured by the time on the target variable also showed significant improvement at six-month follow-up (F=10.497: p=0.000). There was no significant difference between the affected and non-affected limb when compared at the different time intervals.
The static and dynamic balance, which is impaired after ACL injury, improves with ACL reconstruction with PLT autologous graft. Hence PLTG can be safely used as a graft for ACL reconstruction without affecting postural control and body balance.
•This paper presents a methodology based on the support vector machine (SVM) and adaboost (adaptive boosting algorithm) with the help of an optimal combination of features for detection of ...ventricular fibrillation (VF) rhythm by using the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal.•The proposed methodology implements a differential evolution algorithm with SVM and adaboost algorithm for selecting the best combination of features from the extracted 17 features.•The proposed methodology shows better accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity compared to other methodologies for detection of VF rhythm by using ECG signal for the window length of 5 s and 2 s.
In this paper, the ventricular fibrillation (VF) rhythm is detected by using a new approach involving the support vector machine (SVM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and differential evolution (DE) algorithms with the help of an optimal variable combination. The proposed methodology has been validated on training sets and testing sets that were obtained from three databases, namely MIT-BIH malignant ventricular arrhythmia database, arrhythmia database, and CUDB database. In the evaluation phase, the proposed methodology shows superior performance in detection of the VF rhythm than competing methods: an accuracy of 98.20%, a sensitivity of 98.25%, and specificity of 98.18% using 5 s of the ECG segments. Another advantage of our method is that it needs less memory and can be implemented in real-time.
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