In proposed work, gate oxide engineered Schottky Barrier (SB) Hetero-Dielectric (HD) Single Metal (SM) Gate All around Nanowire MOSFET is purposed for low power digital circuitry. Proposed device has ...an asymmetric oxide geometry having high-k (HfxTi1-xO2) on source side and SiO2 on drain side with Schottky Source/Drain regions. Leakage currents are reduced to an order of 10−15 over 10−9 A as compared to conventional GAA MOSFET. Device is simpler in fabrication in contrast to Junctionless (JL) NWFETs due to its dopingless design. Also, it has almost negligible gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) current value. An extensive comparison is outlined between the subthreshold performance of Single metal, Dual metal Hetero-Dielectric (HD) and Gate Stack (GS) SB-SM-GAA NWFET configurations. An improvement is observed in ON to OFF-state current ratio by 68.05% and an impressive decline in drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) by 48.15% in HD-SB-SM-GAA NWFET as compared to Gate stack structure at same physical dimensions. Further, SM device has been found to have better ION/IOFF ratio, higher transconductance, lowered DIBL and an optimum subthreshold slope as compared to DM device.
Background: To assess the use of tourniquets as mentioned in National Snake Bite Management Protocol among peripheral health care providers.Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study ...conducted in a tertiary care institute between June 2016 to June 2017. A total of 36 patients of snake bite referred from peripheral health facility were enrolled in the study and were evaluated for : date and time of bite, site of bite, weather snake was seen, type of envenomation, first aid given in Govt facility/alternative practitioner, tourniquet applied/not applied, anti snake venom given/not given as first aid and outcome.Results: The mean age of the study population was 39 years (17.38) range 18 years to 75 years. 18 patients were male and 18 were female. 30 (83.3%) patients had site of bite over the extremities’. The venom was hemotoxic in 12 (33.3%) patients and neurotoxic 21 (58.3%). 30 (83.3%) patients received first aid in the Government health facility manned by qualified in healthcare practitioner and 6 (16.7%) were treated by traditional healers. 29 (80.6%) patients had a tight tourniquet tied to the site of the bite when seen in emergency department of institute. None of the patients had their limbs splinted. 31 (86.1%) patients had received anti snake venom (ASV) at the peripheral health facility. The mortality rate was 5.6% with only 2 deaths.Conclusions: The majority of peripheral health care providers both qualified and unqualified use tourniquets in patients suffering with snake bite. The peripheral health care providers are not aware of importance of limb splinting and immobilisation. Though the rate of instilling ASV is good, the health care providers in the peripheral institutes should be made aware of recommendations of national snake bite management protocol with regard to use of tourniquets and limb splitting in snake bite patients.
To manage marketing channels, subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs) must balance mandates from headquarters (HQ) with the local realities of the foreign markets. The performance ...implications of subsidiary-distributor relationship efforts thus are contingent on the HQ-subsidiary relationship. Drawing on marketing channels, economics, and organization theory literature streams, the authors (1) describe the complex performance properties of output and process control mechanisms that MNC subsidiaries deploy to manage foreign distributors and (2) conceptualize the HQ-subsidiary nexus along three attributes that should moderate the performance effects of control mechanisms: task coordination, or HQ's central coordination of processes across subsidiaries; subsidiary decision involvement, or twoway communications and consensual decision making between HQ and the subsidiary; and relational disharmony, or the extent of the HQ-subsidiary conflict. The authors test the hypotheses using field data from German and Japanese MNCs in the United States and Bayesian models that account for measurement error, endogeneity in the control mechanisms, heterogeneity in country of origin, and nonlinear and interactive terms for the latent constructs. The results demonstrate the importance of the HQ-subsidiary relationship for managing the subsidiary-distributor relationship.
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•Alumina impregnated Activated Carbon is an efficient fluoride adsorbent.•Intra particle diffusion model supports macro and meso pore diffusion.•D-R & Temkin Isotherm reveals physical ...adsorption due to electrostatic interaction.•Reaction is thermally spontaneous & least affected by other anions except CO3−2.•It is a novel material which can remove fluoride from 10 ppm to less than 0.4 ppm.
Drinking water with excessive fluoride concentration (>1 mg/l) has detrimental effect on bones and teeth. Out of the several de-fluoridation methodologies, the present study is focused on the adsorption technique. Rice straw was processed in different ways before converting it into carbon to enhance its fluoride adsorption capacity. The adsorbents were subjected to various physico-chemical characterizations and adsorption tests. Alumina impregnated activated carbon (AIAC) was found to be the most efficient adsorbent and further batch adsorption studies, column studies, and regeneration studies were carried out with the same. It follows the second order kinetics model. The intra-particle diffusion model suggest pore diffusion to be a major contributor along with other processes, which may be operating simultaneously The D-R and Temkin Isotherm models reveal physical adsorption due to the electrostatic interaction between the opposite charges present in the adsorbate and adsorbent. This has been illustrated through a mechanism and further supported by XPS results. The adsorbent could effectively remove fluoride to less than 0.4 ppm when the initial fluoride concentration in water was 10 ppm. Further, the fluoride adsorbed AIAC was successfully reused as effective filler in developing particle board material.
In this article, a Heterogeneous Gate-Dielectric Nanosheet Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (HD-NSH-TFET) with three channels is investigated using the 3-D Visual TCAD simulator. The HD layer of the ...proposed TFET consists of a high-k (HfO
2
) placed over the extended source and channel interface and a low-k (SiO
2
) at the extended drain and channel interface. An extensive comparison is outlined between the performance metrics of HD-NSH-TFET, conventional gate stack (GS)-NSH-TFET and negative capacitance nanosheet TFET(NC-NSH-TFET) configurations. The HD transistor exhibits an incredible leakage current of order 1e-18 A, while the gate stack demonstrates a leakage current of order 1e-16 A. The HD-NSH-TFET architecture ameliorates subthreshold swing (SS) and DIBL by 41.90 and 43.87 percent, respectively, over the GS structure. The HD-NSH-TFET device achieves a significant Ion/Ioff ratio (5.5e + 13), as well as an optimal subthreshold swing (13.88 mv/decade), while consuming minimal power and retaining excellent switching drivability. The effect of work function and oxide length on HD-NSH-TFET is investigated. The impact of temperature on DC and analogue parameters has been evaluated to ensure the device's reliability.
In this paper, a novel vertically stacked silicon Nanosheet Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (NS-TFET) device scaled to a gate length of 12 nm with Contact poly pitch (CPP) of 48 nm is simulated. ...NS-TFET device is investigated for its electrostatics characteristics using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. The inter-band tunneling mechanism with a P-I-N layout has been incorporated in the stacked nanosheet devices. The asymmetric design technique for doping has been used for optimum results. NS-TFET provides a low leakage current of order10
−16
A, an excellent subthreshold swing (SW) of 23mv/decade, and negligible drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) having a value of 10.5 mv/V. The notable ON to OFF current ratio of the order of 10
11
has been achieved. The device exhibits a high transconductance of 3.022 × 10
−5
S at the gate to source voltage of 1 V. The radiation effect of an alpha particle at different energies on NS-TFET is investigated. The injection causes drain current fluctuation for a short span and the result can serve as a guideline for designing of a robust circuit. NS-TFET shows tremendous improvement in short channel effects (SCE) and is a good option for advanced technologies.
Carbon papers (CPs) are used as an electrode backing in PEMFC. It assists the diffusion of both the reactant gases and products toward and from the reaction site and aids the flow of electrons. CP is ...a carbon/carbon composite made by patterning of carbon fibers in the form of highly porous sheets called preforms, followed by composite formation. Different pore formers have been incorporated into the CP, and their effect on porosity, permeability, structure, and electrical conductivity have been analyzed and found to be significant. The unit PEMFC shows a peak output power density of 797.2 and 756.8 mW/cm2 with camphor and urea as pore formers, compared to 576.2 mW/cm2 obtained using the paper prepared without pore former. The effect of pore formers on the separate sections of the polarization curves has been discussed. Further, samples with urea and camphor show comparable performance with the commercial SGL paper.
Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common salivary gland tumours. It is rare to find these tumours in the submandibular glands. This case report is about a twenty-year old male patient who presented ...with huge mass on the submandibular region. The facial disfigurement due to the tumour was responsible for low self-esteem in this young male. The patient was treated with complete left submandibular gland excision.
Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is an exceedingly rare tumor representing 0.2 to 8% of all melanomas. Mucosal melanomas are extremely rare and aggressive neoplasms. Patient reporting to the ...clinician with a pigmented lesion should raise suspicion in the first visit itself and should be further investigated so as to detect this dreaded malignancy at an earlier stage and thus managed appropriately. We presented two such rare cases who reported at our centre treated with different modalities and had different responses to treatment. In first case report 65 year old male patient diagnosed with malignant melanoma of left upper alveolus underwent multiple modalities of treatment like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy but unfortunately as he defaulted post-surgery and also due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions he was treated in various centres and finally the result was inoperable residual gigantic mass resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In second case report, 82 year old male patient reported with malignant melanoma hard palate having good response to initial chemotherapy. He was planned on hypo-fractionated radiotherapy in view of his old age but he refused radiation treatment and is on oral temozolamide and thalidomide with stable disease and good quality of life since past 6 months.
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