The concept of lean product development has attracted the attention of many scholars since its inception in the 1990s derived from practices at Toyota Motor Company. Key to this approach to new ...product development (NPD) are a few methods derived from lean production as well as longer established practices such as concurrent engineering. This makes one wonder whether lean product development is a new practice, a new method or an encapsulation of already existing methods at the time; this quest for the roots and tenets of lean product development, also in comparison with other methods for NPD, is the focus of this paper. This journey takes this propositional paper not only to the roots of lean product development and the context of its era of conception, but also to what this concept adds to other extant methods for NPD. In particular, this comparison draws out that other methods are trying to achieve the same objectives: the creation of products and services with value to the customer, the reduction of time‐to‐market and the efficient use of resources. This inference implies that managers of new product (and service) development can choose from a wider pallet of methods and approaches to enhance the performance of R&D and to connect better to manufacturing (including supply chains). Inevitably, this has implications for research on (lean) product and service development; hence, this paper sets out a research agenda based on the deliberations and gaps that have been uncovered in the discourse.
The American continent is in broad economic and industrial development. Consequently, a more detailed discussion of the impacts generated by such development is needed. Moreover, there is an increase ...in the number of ISO 14001 certificates issued to this continent. Given the above, no studies were found that bridge the gap to identify the influence of different factors on ISO 14001 in the Americas. Thus, this article has as its main aim to check which economic, environmental and cultural factors have influence on ISO 14001 Certification in the American Continent. The data were collected in the ISO Survey, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme and International Energy Agency. Among the countries of that continent, thirteen were analyzed and only two did not show the economic factors as the influence factor in the multiple regression models fitted with Brazil and the United State. In these models, all presented environmental factors as influencing factors. Only in Brazil the index HDI presented as cultural factor in multiple regression model fitted. The economic factors: Gross Domestic Product and exports of goods and services and environmental: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and fossil fuel consumption were the most influential in ISO 14001 certification. Venezuela, Uruguay, Colombia and the United States were countries that had factors dependent on each other, featuring the environmental marketing. Briefly, this study brings up several implications: to the academy, with the proposal of new concepts and guidance on the factors that assist in ISO 14001 certification in the American Continent. Additionally, taking into account the industry, the factors serve as efficiency parameters for the implementation of ISO 14001 standard, and for the Government to improve through factors that do not fit in multiple regression models.
•China, Italy, Japan, the UK and Spain are the main countries to issue ISO 14001.•Cluster 4 had only socio-cultural factors set.•Brazil, USA, Canada and Colombia not grouped with other countries in clusters.•In Cluster 6, the GDP is the only factor that influences in the issue of certificates.•In Cluster 5, GDP ISO14001Δ-1 and ISO14001Δ-2 influenced the issue of certificates.
Non-renewable fuels are the world's main source of energy. However, the decrease in supply, increased demand, higher product costs and adverse effects on the environment led to the need to create the ...ISO 50001: 2011 standard to implement the Energy Management System (EnMS) in order to increase energy efficiency and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the diffusion process of the ISO 50001 standard around the world and what are the main factors that determine the adoption of EnMS in the different regions of the planet. For this, multiple regression models were used for the data of certification number and environmental, social, economic indicators, climate change and energy mining. Thereby it was observed that Europe has the highest number of ISO 50001 certifications and Asia is the fastest growing region. Among the countries Germany and the United Kingdom are those with the greatest diffusion of ISO 50001, but China has been increasing its diffusion with each year. Thus, the concern with climate change is the main factor that determines the adoption of the EnMS by the companies in the most diverse countries.
Abstract Background Locally advanced triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a public health problem in Brazil. Its standard treatment consists of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Methods This ...was a longitudinal study with follow‐up performed between the years 2015 and 2017. Thirty women with locally advanced TNBC submitted to NAC, and 30 healthy were included. Peripheral blood samples were collected before NAC (Pre‐NAC) and after NAC (Post‐NAC). Results Patients with TNBC had elevated levels of CD28+ T, FAS+ T, CTLA4+ T, PD1+ T, CD28+CD4+ T, PD1+CD4+ T and CD8+ T and PD1+ CD8+ T cells compared to controls ( p < 0.05). Patients with pathological complete response (pCR) had low FAS+ T cells, FAS+CD4+ T cells, and PD1+CD8+ T cells compared to the non‐pCR ( p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the levels of CD28+ T cells, FAS+ T and PD1+ T, CD4+ T, CD28+CD4+ T, FAS+CD4+ T, PD1+CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and PD1+CD8+ T cells between Pre‐NAC and Post‐NAC groups ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Alterations in the circulating FAS+CD4+ T and PD1+CD8+ T cell levels Pre‐NAC are associated with pCR, suggesting potential predictive biomarkers of NAC response in TNBC. The largest changes in the cellular immune response profile Post‐NAC showed that chemotherapy treatment can modulate the immune response and that it is associated with prognosis in TNBC.
The diffusion of ISO 14001 has been modelling with logistic models to predict certifications. However, some alternatives for this model have been tested. Thus, this work tested an autoregressive ...integrated moving average (ARIMA) model as an alternative to predict ISO 14001 certification in Europe. For this, the time series were constructed from the diffusion of the countries and the models were tested for the foremost fit and accuracy. Therefore, ARIMA models have adapted to the different states of diffusion of the countries in Europe, highlighting the countries with the highest number of certifications, such as Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom. In addition, the model was able to adjust to the countries that presented decertification, such as Spain and Romania. The ARIMA model also showed an accuracy of 90% for some countries and can be used as an alternative to modelling diffusion data for ISO 14001 standards.
Abstract Background The demands to which football players are exposed during the match may augment the risk of injury by decreasing the sense of joint position. This study aimed to assess the effect ...of pre-participation warm-up and fatigue induced by an official football match on the knee-joint-position sense of football players. Methods Fourteen semi-professional male football players (mean age: 25.9 ± 4.6 years old) volunteered in this study. The main outcome measures were rate of perceived exertion and knee-joint-position sense assessed at rest, immediately after a standard warm-up (duration 25 min), and immediately after a competitive football match (90 minutes duration). Results Perceived exertion increased significantly from rest to the other assessments (rest: 8.6 ± 2.0; after warm-up: 12.1 ± 2.1; after football match: 18.5 ± 1.3; p < 0.001). Compared to rest, absolute angular error decreased significantly after the warm-up (4.1° ± 2.2° vs. 2.0° ± 1.0°; p = 0.0045). After the match, absolute angular error (8.7° ± 3.8°) increased significantly comparatively to both rest (p = 0.001) and the end of warm-up (p < 0.001). Relative error showed directional bias with an underestimation of the target position, which was higher after the football match compared to both rest (p < 0.001) and after warm-up (p < 0.001). Conclusions The results indicate that knee-joint-position sense acuity was increased by pre-participation warm-up exercise and was decreased by football match-induced fatigue. Clinical relevance: Warm-up exercises could contribute to knee injury prevention, whereas the deleterious effect of match-induced fatigue on the sensorimotor system could ultimately contribute to knee instability and injury.
Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide health problem. This pollutant is associated with increased risk of developing chronic diseases, including metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome ...(MS) is a complex pathology that results from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. This condition increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The MS includes at least three of the following signs, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Here, we summarize the existing evidence of the multiple mechanisms triggered by arsenic to developing the cardinal signs of MS, showing that this pollutant could contribute to the multifactorial origin of this pathology.
Dieback symptoms have been increasingly reported in Chilean vineyards over recent years. Although there have been studies on Botryosphaeriaceae species and associated trunk disease incidence and ...severity in table grape-producing vineyards, their impacts on 'Cabernet Sauvignon', the most planted red wine grape in Chile, is unknown. This study determines the fungus species, incidence, disease severity, and yield losses associated with Botryosphaeria dieback in Chilean 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vineyards. Nine vineyards were surveyed during two growing seasons (2010 and 2018), and symptomatic wood samples were taken. Total potential production and yield losses were estimated from spur counts (2010) from harvested vines (2018) with different degrees of infection. Overall disease incidence was 87% in 2010 and 84% in 2018. Severity was 49% in 2010 and 47% in 2018. Yield losses were 39% in 2010 and 46% in 2018. Diplodia seriata was the most prevalent fungus isolated from symptomatic plants in both growing seasons. This study highlights the impacts of grapevine trunk diseases in vineyards in Central Chile, and indicates the need for improved disease management strategies. Keywords. Vitis vinifera, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' disease incidence, disease severity, yield loss.
New product development (NPD) is a managerial process, performed by many activities. The purpose of this paper is to present the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritise ...activities of NPD for manufacturing companies of electronic products. Mathematical modelling was the research method adopted. An electronics cluster located in the southeast region of Brazil was studied. Therefore, 10 of the 42 activities from an NPD model were suggested to be excluded for the electronics companies. These activities have less than 0.5% overall priority. The results from the AHP application were welcomed by the companies' NPD experts.
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