In the history of research and exploitation of lignites in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century nearby Kravarsko and its wider surroundings, the hills of ...Vukomeričke gorice, operated the following mining entrepreneurs: Ljudevit noble Farkaš Vukotinović, Egidius Kornitzer (Kornicer), Edmund U(t)czas (Ucaš), and others. The most significant lignite deposits are concentrated between Kravarsko and Cerje, which was proved by a research drill around the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the Second World War some mines, particularly mining equipment in Kravarsko were devastated, and since they were not operational, some were flooded. Edmund Ucaš sold the mines in Kravarsko to a Josip Donovald from Zagreb in 1945. The new owner did not register his purchase for fear of being dubbed a war profiteer, so the matter was left for his descendants to settle in better times, that is, after some 50 years. This was possible because they had preserved the relevant documents: the agreement on the purchase of the mine, Governor`s deeds, and other documents, such as ore fields, mining permits, mining profile, etc. The settlement of war damages perpetrated by the partisans requires the presence of experts on law, mining, economy, etc. With the mining documentation, as well as documents related to the issued ore fields Kravarsko I and Kravarsko II, with 9 research drills and 20 mining permits, the results of mining research and exploitation of lignites on the eve of, and during World War Two, were rendered much more accessible (the paper is published in Croatian)!
After the discovery of America, major imports of precious metals (gold and silver) and objects made of them caused a »silver fever« in Europe, so the exploitation of already discovered deposits of ...silver ore was accelerated, as well as the new explorations for the purpose of discovering new ones. Number of miners was considerably increased, so, for instance in the Schwaz region it reached 10,000. Large quantities of ore got dug out, and the obtained silver brought major profits making some families in Europe rich (Fuggers, Zrinski, etc). PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Important commercial routes were passing across Croatia in the late Middle Ages as well as in modern times. Those were caravan and cart routes and navigable river routes adapted to the possibilities ...of the then traffic. The importance of the copper and salt trade has been pointed out. From ancient times up until the mid-nineteenth century copper was produced from copper ores in Rude near Samobor and from the mid-nineteenth century until the beginning of the World War I mostly in Trgovi and Beslinac in Trgovska gora. The main copper trade was carried out from Rude.over Dubovac (Karlovac, later on) and Vrbovsko to Bakar and later on to Rijeka. I have named that the most important Croatian copper route. Intense international trade through Croatia that took place at the late fifteenth and in the course of the sixteenth centuries was a combination of river and cart traffic from the former foundries in Banska Bistrica (in Slovakia today) over Budim, Zagreb, Dubovac and Modrus to Senj from where cargo was loaded on the ships sailing to Venice and all over the world. That route I have named the international copper route. Sea-salt was transported from the Adriatic saltworks towards inland areas (Croatia salts routes); rock-salt was imported from Hungarian saltworks (today in the western Roumania) and from the Tuzla saltsworks to the northern part of Croatia (International salt routes). PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In the history of research and exploitation of lignites in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century nearby Kravarsko and its wider surroundings, the hills of ...Vukomericke gorice, operated the following mining entrepreneurs: Ljudevit noble Farkas Vukotinovic, Egidius Kornitzer (Kornicer), Edmund U(t)czas (Ucas), and others. The most significant lignite deposits are concentrated between Kravarsko and Cerje, which was proved by a research drill around the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the Second World War some mines, particularly mining equipment in Kravarsko were devastated, and since they were not operational, some were flooded. Edmund Ucas sold the mines in Kravarsko to a Josip Donovald from Zagreb in 1945. The new owner did not register his purchase for fear of being dubbed a war profiteer, so the matter was left for his descendants to settle in better times, that is, after some 50 years. This was possible because they had preserved the relevant documents: the agreement on the purchase of the mine, Governor's deeds, and other documents, such as ore fields, mining permits, mining profile, etc. The settlement of war damages perpetrated by the partisans requires the presence of experts on law, mining, economy, etc. With the mining documentation, as well as documents related to the issued ore fields Kravarsko I and Kravarsko II, with 9 research drills and 20 mining permits, the results of mining research and exploitation of lignites on the eve of, and during World War Two, were rendered much more accessible ! Key words: history of mining, Vukomericke gorice, Kravarsko, mining entrepreneurs U povijesti istrazivanja i eksploatacije lignita u drugoj polovini XIX. st. i prvoj polovini XX. st. kod Kravarskog i na njegovom sirem podrucju u Vukomerickim goricama bili su aktivni rudarski poduzetnici: Ljudevit pl. Farkas Vukotinovic, Egidius Kornitzer (Kornicer), Edmund U(t)czas (Ucas) i dr. Najznacajnija nalazista lignita su koncentrirana izmedu Kravarskog i Cerja sto je dokazano istraznim busenjem sredinom XX. st. Koncem II. Svjetskog rata neki rudnici, a poglavito rudarska oprema u Kravarskom bili su devastirani, a kako nisu radili neki su potopljeni. Rudnike u Kravarskom prodao je Edmond Ucas Josipu Donavaldu iz Zagreba u ljeto 1945. Novi vlasnik bojao se prijaviti kupnju rudnika da ga se ne osudi kao ratnog profitera, pa je to pitanje ostavljeno nasljednicima za rjesavanje u povoljnijim vremenima t.j. nakon pedesetak godina, jer su oni sacuvali bitnu dokumentaciju: ugovor o kupnji rudnika, banske povelje i druge starije dokumente kao rudna polja, samorove, rudarski profil i si. Rjesavanja problema ratne stete sto su ucinili partizani zahtijeva vrsne strucnjake iz prava, rudarstva, ekonomije i dr. S rudnickom dokumentacijom kao i s onom vezanom za podjeljena rudna polja Kravarsko I. i Kravarsko II. s istrazivanih 9, a potom i 20 samorova potpunije su se mogli spoznati postignuti rezultati rudarskih istazivanja i eksploatacije lignita uoci II. svjetskog rata i u II svjetskom ratu! Kljucne rijeci: povijest rudarstva, Vukomericke gorice, Kravarsko, rudarski poduzetnici
In the history of research and exploitation of lignites in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century nearby Kravarsko and its wider surroundings, the hills of ...Vukomericke gorice, operated the following mining entrepreneurs: Ljudevit noble Farkas Vukotinovic, Egidius Kornitzer (Kornicer), Edmund U(t)czas (Ucas), and others. The most significant lignite deposits are concentrated between Kravarsko and Cerje, which was proved by a research drill around the middle of the 20th century. By the end of the Second World War some mines, particularly mining equipment in Kravarsko were devastated, and since they were not operational, some were flooded. Edmund Ucas sold the mines in Kravarsko to a Josip Donovald from Zagreb in 1945. The new owner did not register his purchase for fear of being dubbed a war profiteer, so the matter was left for his descendants to settle in better times, that is, after some 50 years. This was possible because they had preserved the relevant documents: the agreement on the purchase of the mine, Governor`s deeds, and other documents, such as ore fields, mining permits, mining profile, etc. The settlement of war damages perpetrated by the partisans requires the presence of experts on law, mining, economy, etc. With the mining documentation, as well as documents related to the issued ore fields Kravarsko I and Kravarsko II, with 9 research drills and 20 mining permits, the results of mining research and exploitation of lignites on the eve of, and during World War Two, were rendered much more accessible! PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The masters, or owners, of mining rights for the exploration of ores were prospectors and free or independent prospectors. Concession books and registers were kept about the proprietors of ore fields ...or mines. In them was entered, among other things, which ore was planned to be exploited. The possessor of a licence, permits for exploration and exploitation of ores, paid a certain fee every year. He could also sell his mining rights, in the shape of permits, partially or, more frequently, totally, as was recorded in the books. If he did not pay taxes, he could lose all his rights, which were then deleted, or crossed out of the mining books. Those who possessed mining permits had to solve the questions of compensation to the owners of the lands where they intended to do detailed explorations, and to exploit the ore, even to the extent of leasing or buying the land. The mining activity in Croatia between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries is richly documented in the (Imperial and Royal) mining captaincies in Zagreb, Zadar and Split. The basic mining law was the General Austrian Mining Law of 1854, with its amendments of 1911 (Legal Article VI about mineral oil substances and natural gases). In Croatia, mining enterpreneurs were individuals or companies (including the state) with the proviso that at the beginning there were more foreigners. However, Croatian traders, industrialists, magnates, officials, bankers, various companies, engineers, artists, retired persons, peasants, officers and others soon became involved in mining. Among the entrepreneurs there were various noblemen. It has been ascertained in this research that in individual periods between 1855 and 1945 there was a dominance of individuals (mainly 81%-85%) while today (1990-1995) it is quite the opposite (86% are companies), because this is the end of the long term control of the socially owned companies. Thes same situation obtains today with respect to exploitation licenses, where companies predominate (84%). PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
At he beginning of the 16th century Saxon miners discovered silver ore in the small settlement Konnradsgrun at south-west slopes of Erzgebirge in the valley Joachimsthal named after the patron saint ...St. Joachim. The silver coin was named Jochymst(h)aler. The mine and the settlement became a free royal mining city where, thanks to the mint, one of the richest noble families von Schlick arose. 554,44 tons of silver were produced from 1517 till 1900. Together with silver ore cobalt and lead ore were exploited ( in significant quantities from 18th till 19th century) and after that period nickel, bismuth and arsenic ore (19th century). From the listed ores cobalt was produced in largest quantities for enamel production; 1824,23 tons in the period from 1775 till 1851. Next to these ores uranite ore (urani/ni/t) was discovered in the mine. The ore was first used to produce uranium colours used for ceramics, glass and paintings and later to obtain uranium; 8500 tons since 1853 till 1964, a part of which was worked up into radium, to obtain 100gr Ra-. Thanks to the discovery of radioactive- radon water the mine is still active because 20 miners are employed to maintain the part of it from which the radon water is exploited. Jachymov and its surroundigs have become a famous radioactive thermal sanatorium in Europe.
At he beginning of the 16th century Saxon miners discovered silver ore in the small settlement Konnradsgrun at south-west slopes of Erzgebirge in the valley Joachimsthal named after the patron saint ...St. Joachim. The silver coin was named Jochymst(h)aler. The mine and the settlement became a free royal mining city where, thanks to the mint, one of the richest noble families von Schlick arose. 554,44 tons of silver were produced from 1517 till 1900. Together with silver ore cobalt and lead ore were exploited ( in significant quantities from 18th till 19th century) and after that period nickel, bismuth and arsenic ore (19th century). From the listed ores cobalt was produced in largest quantities for enamel production; 1824,23 tons in the period from 1775 till 1851. Next to these ores uranite ore (urani/ni/t) was discovered in the mine. The ore was first used to produce uranium colours used for ceramics, glass and paintings and later to obtain uranium; 8500 tons since 1853 till 1964, a part of which was worked up into radium, to obtain 100gr Ra-. Thanks to the discovery of radioactive- radon water the mine is still active because 20 miners are employed to maintain the part of it from which the radon water is exploited. Jachymov and its surroundigs have become a famous radioactive thermal sanatorium in Europe. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
