The relevance of this article is due to the contradiction between the typical position of linguoculturologists, who use proverbs in their studies to illustrate the idea of the national specific ...mental representations of the world, reflected in the language, on the one hand, and the undeniable similarity in the verbal, logical and semantic structures of the proverbs that we observe when comparing the proverbial material of completely different languages - related and not related: English, German, Russian, Czech, Bulgarian, Chinese, Turkish, Armenian, etc. The object of analysis is composed of proverbs as units by means of which the speakers express their attitude to the world in a figurative form and manifest themselves as carriers of a certain culture. This rapprochement is carried out in several directions. We note the undoubted similarity (1) in the field of thematic areas, chosen to state the results of observation and conclusions, which generalize the experience gained and derive pragmatic meaning from it; (2) at the level of proverbial condensates (mental constructs, ideas) that briefly convey the contents of the proverb - such as “A wife and a husband are different”, “A child inherits the properties of parents”, “A little bad thing spoils a big good”, etc.; (3) at the level of generalized concepts - the signs of them are especially actively reflected in proverbs: the image of gold in its various interpretations is universal - as a standard of a high degree of any characteristic, as a way of solving many life difficulties, etc.; (4) at the level of components that verbalize concepts, become sustainable elements of proverbs, can be opposed or compared. Binomial pairs form the logical and semantic structure of proverbs (“friend” - “alien”, “smart” - “stupid”, “head” - “legs”), move from one unit to another and some of them can have different verbal implementations (“predator” - “victim”: wolf - lamb/sheep/cow ). This analysis allows us to talk about coincidences not only in assessing the importance of individual objects and phenomena, in thoughts about them and associations, in the spectrum of identifiable signs, in verbalization techniques used for matching generalized ideas, and - at last - about a certain reduction in the pathos of the statement about the national specificity of the proverbial space of the particular language.
The precedent phenomena, to which the names of the heroes of literary works belong, are very typical for modern journalistic texts “charged primarily with negative emotions” (V.I. Shakhovsky) using ...indirect estimation methods: brief and expressive, with a wide range of connotative and associative links, they become an emotionally evaluative component of the text. Colorful - not only for the twenties of the XXth century - the figure of M. Bulgakov's novel “The Heart of a Dog” Shvonder firmly settled in the modern gallery of precedent literary names. Russians define a very wide variety of typical traits of individuals and their behavior, as well as social phenomena, verbalized by the words Shvonder (Shvondery), shvonderovschina, to shvonder, etc. The main vectors of comprehension come to light on the material of the texts from the National Corpus of the Russian language and Internet resources, which shows the tendency to use the subject's name as a way of indicating the manifestation of one important feature in his behavior - and, accordingly, in the behavior of someone else (Shvonder - “hater of the intelligentsia”, “vindictive”, “symbol of imaginary employment”) or a characteristic act committed by him, which becomes a kind of standard (Shvonder is “the destroyer of the old good world”, “the requisitor of another's housing”, “rejects the values accumulated by society in the past”, etc.). Through the combination “Shvonder - Sharikov” the emphasis is placed on the typicality of the observed phenomenon, on the ideological and party affiliation, etc. The name Shvonder often appears in combination with the names of other characters - in particular, Preobrazhensky and Bormental, - when a modern author outlines a conflict between bad manners (rudeness) and intelligence, ignorance and education, empty rhetoric and real actions, etc. The speakers find all the new possibilities of interpreting the image of Shvonder and use this name, like other new words with the same root, to express their position on the subject of speech, ironic or dismissive attitude to it. On the other hand, the precedent name may be semantically diffuse and vague in the “new” text, but it’s magnetized with special connotations and serves to enhance the ironic, negative-evaluative coloring of the secondary text and makes various interpretations possible. Even in the absence of specific words that reveal the dominant semantics of the text fragment, the very use of the Shvonder’s name already guarantees at least a high level of expression and a tangible degree of negative estimation.
The success of reading, including reading as a part of foreign language acquisition, depends on numerous factors, such as motivation, academic emotions, engagement in reading, etc. Although the ...necessity to take into consideration a reader has been pointed out on many occasions, the culture-specific paradigms of emotional situations and their role in learning have hardly been discussed. The current study is aimed at exploring an emotional response to a humorous Russian-language text by representatives of two cultures; its primary target is to identify similarities and differences in the reactions of Russian and Chinese readers to a short story and the behavior of its characters. The survey was offered to Russian and Chinese university students, who had to evaluate themselves as emotional or reserved readers; to express their attitudes towards using emotion-evoking texts in the classroom and to evaluate a story from this perspective; as well as to use a list of emotional responses to choose the options describing how they felt about the story. The respondents also added to the list to specify their feelings and provided some comments. The experiment showed that emotion-evoking texts generate interest, creating a high learning motivation, which goes in favor of selecting educational texts that not only present a target language, but also truly engage learners. The survey results revealed the similarities and differences in selfidentification through the lens of emotions and in the affective comprehension of a funny story, caused, among other things, by the nationally specific value systems of the respondents. Different proportions of particular emotions and different responses to the same situation in the Russian and the Chinese samples indicate the important role of cultural traditions and ethnically specific mentality. The characteristics of speech and verbalized thought observed at the emotional level of students of different cultural backgrounds should be taken into account by teachers of foreign languages.
The paper is timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of the birth of Valery M. Mokienko, Doctor of Letters, Professor of Slavic Philology, Philology Department, St Petersburg State University, ...Honorary Chairman of the Phraseological Commission of the International Committee of Slavists. The paper reviews focal areas of the scholars research, lists his academic interests, the main of those being phraseology and phraseography. V.M. Mokienko proposed to detect dynamic interactions of contradictory properties of the phraseological system, to reveal the mechanism of phrase formation involving broad genetic and typological parallels to determine the nature of a phraseological unit. The method of structural and semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of dialectal, Slavic and non-Slavic European idiomacy is the basis of modern theoretical and practical studies of the scientists followers. The trilogy of dictionaries edited by V.M. Mokienko distinguishes precise certification of units, references to synonymous turns, which makes it easier for the reader to navigate in the huge source material, outlines the parameters of the phraseological space close to the certified expression, and makes it possible to show the wealth of images of folk speech conveying the same semantics.
A study of the methods of speech transformation for common language units shows that any language creativity, even the most inventive and unusual, relies in its methods on the cumulative experience ...available in the arsenal of native speakers. The paremiological space of the language, which is a set of all proverbial units that reveal the most diverse types of relationships among themselves, also includes a number of units of other levels — typical syntactic and logical structures, stable binomials that serve as the basis of proverbs, proverbial fragments with semantics assigned to them, and generalized ideas implemented by several units of the language of different lexical content and grammatical model. The language game, which embraced the sphere of paremias in the post-Soviet era of “carnivalizing” the language, manifested itself in the formation of new units according to existing models (Luchshe dlinnaia zhivaja ochered’, chem korotkaia avtomatnaia), in contaminations (Baba s vozu — volki syty), in the replication of countless versions of occasional endings for ordinary paremias (Ne pliui v kolodets — prigoditsia pliunut’; … vylezet — ne prokormish’), semantic deciphers (Deti tsvety zhizni, no ne nado davat’ im raspuskat’sia), etc. The focus of article is the sphere of language transformations of an expression with structure that allows for varied deviations from the usual form, for example the paremia Chem dal’she v les, tem bol’she drov according to the dictionary “Anti-proverbs of the Russian people” (2005) and Internet materials. Examples of the intentional deconstruction of habitual paremias show that destruction does not occur, since the proverbial form and logical-syntactic model of a common proverb appears in new units and even part of the neologism continues to be the bearer of its meaning, enriched with occasional semantic additions.
Важность природно-ландшафтных явлений в жизни человека отражается в языковых единицах, закрепляющих его преставления об окружающем мире. В статье анализируются тувинские паремии, включающие ...компоненты гора и скала, полученные приемом сплошной выборки из лексикографических источников, на фоне алтайского и бурятского языков. Межъязыковое сопоставительное исследование паремий в этнолингвокультурологическом аспекте проведено с использованием историко-этимологического, описательно-аналитического, лингвокультурологического методов. Как показывает проведенный анализ тувинских паремий в сопоставлении с единицами языков центральноазиатского региона, одной из наиболее частотных единиц, принадлежащих природному культурному коду, является в их составе компонент гора. Яркий образ горы лежит в основе тувинских паремий, чья семантика формируется через осознание и вербализацию различных признаков: прочности, незыблемости, крутизне и высоте горы — и связанных с ней представлений о недосягаемой вершине, трудном для перехода перевале, стабильности и неизменности различных предметов. Отмечены говорящими и некоторые признаки скалы (прочность, твердость, отвесность), совпадающие с характеристиками горы. Реализуемые в пословицах с образом горы идеи служат для выражения представлений о человеке, его возможностях, чертах характера и эмоциях, его целеустремленности и прилагаемых усилиях.Сопоставление тувинских паремий с единицами других языков, содержащих образ горы, показывает различия в количественных данных: тувинских и алтайских пословиц существенно больше, чем содержащих образ горы паремий других языков. Рассмотрение спектра признаков, актуализируемых в пословицах, показывает одинаковое отношение представителей разных культур в восприятии размера горы, что приводит к использованию ее образа как эталона большого количества и размера. Некоторые оказавшиеся значимыми для носителей одной или двух культур признаки горы и скалы оказываются неактуальными для мировидения других народов, в чем отражаются и реальные природные условия, и система аксиологически этномаркированных образов.
Different components of the symbiotic interface play an important role in providing positional information during rhizobial infection and nodule development: successive changes in cell morphology ...correspond to subsequent changes in the molecular architecture of the apoplast and the associated surface structures. The localisation and distribution of pectins, xyloglucans, and cell wall proteins in symbiotic nodules of
and
were studied using immunofluorescence and immunogold analysis in wild-type and ineffective mutant nodules. As a result, the ontogenetic changes in the symbiotic interface in the nodules of both species were described. Some differences in the patterns of distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins between wild-type and mutant nodules can be explained by the activation of defence reaction or premature senescence in mutants. The absence of fucosylated xyloglucan in the cell walls in the
nodules, as well as its predominant accumulation in the cell walls of uninfected cells in the
nodules, and the presence of the rhamnogalacturonan I (unbranched) backbone in meristematic cells in
can be attributed to the most striking species-specific features of the symbiotic interface.
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