One of the most chronic constraints to crop production is the grain yield reduction near the crop harvest stage by lodging worldwide. This is more prevalent in cereal crops, particularly in wheat and ...rice. Major factors associated with lodging involve morphological and anatomical traits along with the chemical composition of the stem. These traits have built up the remarkable relationship in wheat and rice genotypes either prone to lodging or displaying lodging resistance. In this review, we have made a comparison of our conceptual perceptions with foregoing published reports and proposed the fundamental controlling techniques that could be practiced to control the devastating effects of lodging stress. The management of lodging stress is, however, reliant on chemical, agronomical, and genetic factors that are reducing the risk of lodging threat in wheat and rice. But, still, there are many questions remain to be answered to elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, so agronomists, breeders, physiologists, and molecular biologists require further investigation to address this challenging problem.
Pakistan’s society and economy are highly dependent on the surface and groundwater resources of the Indus River basin. This paper describes the development and implementation of a daily Indus River ...System Model (IRSM) for the Pakistan Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to examine the potential impact of reservoir sedimentation on provincial water security. The model considers both the physical and management characteristics of the system. The model’s performance in replicating provincial allocation ratios is within 0.1% on average and the modeling of water flow at barrages and delivered to irrigation canal commands is in agreement with recorded data (major barrage NSE 0.7). The average maximum volumetric error for the Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs are respectively 5.2% and 8.8% of mean annual inflow. The model showed that a 2.3 km3 reduction in storage volume since 1990 equates to approximately 1.3 km3 i.e., a 4–5% reduction in irrigation deliveries, respectively, for Punjab and Sindh in the dry (Rabi) season. This decline indicates that without further augmentation of system storage, the Rabi season supplies will continue to be further impacted in the future. This paper demonstrates the suitability of IRSM for exploring long term planning and operational rules and the associated impacts on water, food and energy security in Pakistan.
Herbicides application is an integral part of farmer’s crop management in modern agricultural systems. Weeds always cause serious losses in legumes due to poor competition ability. In order to ...quantify the tolerance of chickpea against some pre and post-emergence herbicides, a pot study was carried out in the department of Weed science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The pre emergence herbicides includes pendimethalin and s-metolachlor while, the post emergence herbicides comprised of Clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and di-methyl urea. The chickpea variety Karak-I was sown in the pots and the trial was arranged in CR Design repeated three times. During the investigation data were recorded on different growth parameters of chickpea plants including both aerial and underground parts. The results revealed the all treatments had a significant effect on all the examined parameters of chickpea except nodule fresh and dry biomasses. However, the toxic effect of pre emergence herbicides on chickpea was significantly higher as compared to post emergence herbicides. The minimum number of nodule plant-1 (17.83), plant height (50.50cm), and seed protein (14.13%) was recorded in Pendimethalin treated pots. However, the highest seed protein content of 21.75 and 21.15 % were recorded for control and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl treatments respectively. Thus, it is concluded from the present data that chickpea has less tolerance for pre emergence herbicides pendimethalin and S-metolachlor as compared to post-emergence herbicides so farmers are advised to give preference to post emergence herbicides instead of a pre emergence while controlling weeds in chickpea through chemicals.
Nowadays the requirement for clean water in human population is growing day by day. The different factories and industries like pharmaceutical, textile, food processing, and chemical industries are ...the major cause of water contamination by adding an organic dyes. The aim of present study is to synthesize the green nanoparticles for the purification waste water. The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using crude extract of local plant Acacia nilotica. The TiO2 nanoparticles initially were confirmed by color change and later by UV-spectroscopy. The size and shape of TiO2 nanoparticles were assessed by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometric analysis (EDs) was performed to measure the elements concentrations. Dye removing potential of prepared TiO2 nanoparticles were performed using methylene blue induced dye mixture. The result showed that the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were round and spherical in shape ranging from 50-120nm with average of 60 nm. EDs confirmed the TiO2 presence in nanoparticles. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles showed 75% dye removing capacity after 2 hours of exposure. In conclusion, TiO2 nanoparticles were highly effective for removing dye from water; therefore these TiO2 nanoparticles can be used as best source for water treatment for removing dyes from waste water.
Resistive Plate Chamber (RPCs) detectors in the Compact Muon Solenoid operate with a gas mixture composed of 95.2% of C2H2F4, which provides a high number of ion-electron pairs, 4.5% of iC4H10, which ...ensures the suppression of photon-feedback effects, and 0.3% of SF6, used as an electron quencher to further operate the detector in streamer-free mode. C2H2F4 is known to be a Greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) of 1430. Consequently, several ECO-friendly alternatives to C2H2F4 have been investigated in recent years. In this context, a short-mid term approach for the upcoming years of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operation could be to focus on reducing the GWP of the RPC gas mixture by replacing C2H2F4 with CO2. The studies are conducted at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility in the North Area of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), where a 13.6 TBq radiation source and a muon beam from SPS mimic the conditions of Phase-II (i.e. High-Luminosity (HL)) of the LHC. This paper presents the performance of a 1.4 mm gap RPC with three different CO2 based mixtures (30 and 40% of CO2; 0.5 and 1% of SF6) under high gamma background conditions with the perspectives for the longevity campaign.
Multi-year trials are important in rice breeding program, for identification of stable and promising rice genotypes to ensure food security. For this purpose, current study was designed to assess the ...performance of 18 rice genotypes across years for yield and yield associated traits. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during, rice growing seasons 2018 and 2019. Pooled analysis of variance depicted significant (
P
≤ 0.01) differences among the genotypes, years and genotype by year interaction for the studied traits. Across the years DR-92 showed highest number of spikelets panicle
−1
(228.50) while Dokri-Basmati manifested maximum number (219) of grains panicle
−1
. Genotype IR‑8 exhibited maximum 1000-grain weight (34.70 g). DR-92 produced highest grain yield (7223 kg ha
−1
) across both the years followed by Dokri-Basmati (6474 kg ha
−1
). Grain yield showed significantly positive phenotypic and genotypic associations with spikelets panicle
−1
, grains panicle
−1
and 1000-grain weight. Overall, study indicated differential behavior of genotypes for the studied traits across years. Rice genotypes DR-92, Dokri-Basmati and IR‑8 showed better performance for yield and yield associated traits which could be cultivated commercially in the region and exploited in rice breeding program..
PDF
